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THE. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY
95719 Sse
MAY 18 1946 NOV 27 1946
ND oO? Ina / { , j\O7 y) Viti
; ain, 4 10 bee JUN S 1951
JUN 6-1966
MEHEMOTRS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSHUM.
1901-1904.
VOL. I.
W. J. HOLLAND, Editor.
J. B. HATCHER, Associate Editor.
PITTSBURGH. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE.
- >
PREPATORY NOTE.
The first volume of the Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum is brought to its con- clusion with the publication of Dr. William H. Ashmead’s exceedingly important Monograph upon the Chalcidoidea, the descriptive portion of which is based upon the collections made in South America by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, now the property of the Carnegie Museum. No less valuable from a scientific standpoint than the concluding paper of the series embodied in this volume are the papers of Mr. Hatcher on Paleontology and the Osteological Monograph of Dr. Shufeldt.
It is with a feeling of satisfaction that the Editor contemplates the issue in final form of this volume, which marks the initiation in the city of Pittsburgh of an enterprise which is destined to give to it as the years go by an enduring reputation as acenter of scientific culture. To the fame of Pittsburgh as the seat of some of the most Cyclopean industries of the age is being added reputation as a seat of learning. Under the cloud of smoke, which attests the industry of her inhabitants, and is the sign of her material prosperity, live men who find their pleasure in ex- ploring the wonders of the material universe, and the record of their discoveries and researches will from year to year be found in the Annals and the Memoirs of the great Museum which the more than princely generosity of Mr. Andrew Car- negie has called into being. Here are being brought together from all over the globe materials for study illustrating the different arts and sciences, and upon these collections is destined to be built up an extensive literature, which will add to the sum of human knowledge. Among the first fruits of this movement the following pages are found, and they are submitted to the attentive regard of students through- out the world in the confident belief that those who are capable of correctly esti-
mating the value of such publications will find in them both pleasure and profit.
W. J. HoLuanp. THe CARNEGIE Museum, March 31, 1904.
ili
585564
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Preratory Nore . : : : ; : : ; ‘ Vv
List oF Fieures IN ‘TEx? , 5 : ; } : : vil
List oF PLATES : : : A ix Memoir I. Diplodocus Marsh, Its Osteology, Taxonomy, and Probable Habits, with a Restoration of the Skeleton. J.B. Hatcher. (Pub-
lished July, 1901) : 5 : : l- 64 Memorr II. Oligocene Canide. J. B. Hatcher. (Published September,
1902) . 65-108
Memoir III. ‘The Osteology of the Steganopodes. R. W. Shufeldt, M.D. (Published September, 1902) . 109-224
Memoir IV. Monograph of the Chalcidoidea. William H. Ashmead,
Se.D. (Published March, 1904) : F : : 5 . 225-551 SprectaAL InpEx To Monoarary or W. H. AsHMrAD ; : . : 533 GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUME . ; : ‘ : : : ; : 553
LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.
PARot eal
FIGuRe.
_
Skull of Diplodocus longus Marsh Pe EMEP Ys OOM GET LIUPHOUOCUG ONT ra) «Fn Ga S 5, creed n.niv ew Pia nieied Ol wicparm ates bul wanted x
Section of Maxillary Bone of Diplodocus longus........-..000.c0ce eee eeeee
Atlas of Diplodocus longus, Side View... . PNGLsIOL OU DLOACTA LONG Let ON Gp VALE Wy -cstaucte cer «acpi eda aie aval Syckeieile a aici eoereuetarete che Axis OheLiplodacuscarneqi, seem irom) Mieht S100... jist us ee ee ne ee ee eee als
. Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Cervicals of Diplodocus carnegii, Seen from Right Side. .
8. Posterior View of Eleventh Cervical of Diplodocus carnegii...........: Stina Aaa
. Inferior View of Sacrum and Ilia of Diplodocus carnegii... 6.0600 eee . Sacrum and Ilium of Diplodocus longus Marsh, Seen from Below......-....-.++--+-
- Codssified Caudal Vertebree of Diplodocus carnegit... 21.2... ee. e cece te cee ee cee
. Superior View of Pair of Sternal Bones of Diplodocus carnegii..... 0.0.00 e eee eee
pasupposed: Clavicle ote malodocius Commegui isc <= lettin sia) ele siriloue ole le elo eine rie wlonanelsraieie ake
. External View of Right Seapula and Coracoid of Diplodocus carnegii.... 0.6.0... 04 ++
. Proximal End of Left Femur of Diplodocus carnegit. .... 0.2... 0c cece cece eee eee
eDistalebndorlbetheblemun of Wyplodaeus CoOmneguucis «cc «om elects =e ele = sere siele ele ee . Oblique Internal Front View of Left Femur of Diplodocus carnegii.... 2.0... .4 00.5: . Proximal End of Right Tibia and Fibula of Diplodocus carnegii.... 2.0.0... 0. ee eee
. Distal End of Right Tibia and Fibula of Diplodocus carnegii.... 0.0.0.0 eee eee
. Superior View of Astragalus of Right Pes of Diplodocus carnegii... 0... 006600 e eee
Front View of Right Hind Foot of Diplodocus carnegit.......-..+...0ee crete sees Front View of Right Hind Foot of Brontosawrus excelsus Marsh... ......0..50+005- Cross-sections of Left Femur of Diplodocus carnegii. 2... 6666 ee . Cervical Vertebra of Diplodocus longus Marsh........ 25.0060 5e see c eee e eens ian PART II. Semi Of Daphomd felons COW: a5 secs or atau Aa eee nls oem arene eee cee eee Inferior View of Basicranial Region of Skull of Canis familiaris.... 0.0. .000 005 e ees Inferior View of Basicranial Region of Skull of Daphanus felinus.. 0.0... 06 000200 . Crown View of Right Superior Sectorials of Prodaphenus scottii, Daphenus felinus, and OE ESE iy DAT ge tO Cae ge aici 0 ae ee a ee . Crown View of Right M., of Daphonus felinus... 00... .0 0000 eee e eee ener eens . Side View of Type of Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher... 0... 6.600 e eee eee . Crown View of Superior Dentition of Type of Proamphicyon nebrascensis Hatcher . .. . . vii
96 98
Vill LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.
FIGURE. PAGE.
PARD Tr . Right Lateral View of the Skull of Phaéthon wthereus........-..5--+++-+2+-eeeees 118
2. Superior View of Mandible of Phaéthon wthereus...... 26.000 ce cc cevenscsuscucees 121
] 2 3. Left Lateral View of the Skull, Including Mandible, of a Specimen of Anhinga anhinga. 151 4
. The Same Skull Seen from Above, Mandible Removed.................--+--+-++-- 151 5. Ventral Aspect of the Sternum of Anhinga anhinga..........-...2-++-eceeseeseeee 160 6. Left Lateral View of the Same Bone Shown in Fig. 5 .... 2.2... esse cece cere eenas 160 7. Anterior Aspect of the os furcula of Anhinga anhinga....... 0... .e cece eee eee ees 160 8. Mesial Side of the Scapular End of the Same Bone Shown in Fig. 7 ............---. 160 9. Anconal Aspect of Right Humerus of Anhinga anhinga ...................+.--... 162
10. Anterior View of Right Femur of Anhinga anhinga..............0+0eceeeeeeeaee 162 11. Right: Coracoid. of Anhinga anhinga:.... 5 oc: ccs = «sare ya ci eee ene ae 162 12. Left Lateral View of the Skull of Phalacrocoraz urile..... 0 .....42 seeceacvnerees 166 13. (Palatal Rerion of a Nouns Phalacroconaa rile. eee eat et ee ee ee 167 14, Dorsal Aspect of Anterior Part of Cranium of a Young Phalacrocorax wrile........... 167 15. Lateral Aspect of Beak of a Young Phalacrocoraz urile .............+.+.+++-++.:- 167 16. Right Lateral View of Sternum and Bones of the Shoulder-girdle of a Cormorant CPhalagrocomaar Witla) ste mora tov occse ORs esate tees emer ee Net le ae 172 17. Knee Joint of a Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile) <2 5 02. 2. + «oes whee oe ee 174 18: Knee Jomt of Phalacrocoran ure, Seen Bromine Hronh 2-ct sete 174 19: Ventral! A'spect of Rostrum of; Pallas? (Cormorant cic tees eee ae eee eee 177 2.0. Lateral Aspect of Rostrum) of Pallas’ Cormorant:).4. + 2 ine oe pee irae 21. Right Ramus of Lower Mandible of Pallas’ Cormorant, External Aspect............. Wind 22. Right Ramus of Lower Mandible, Internal Aspect................+0+-02-0--+ae- 177 23. Right Metacarpals.(Pallas’ Cormorant) 2.02 0% oi. cc cts ais agen oie eked eae 177 24. Right Coracoid of Pallas’ Cormorant, Ventral Aspect.........-.-.....----..+---- 178 20. mternum of Pallas’ Cormorant, \Vieniral@As pect: ye. cece ceils tc) edhe er een tere 178 26. Femur of Pallas’ Cormorant, Anterior Aspect ......--. 20+ +2000 eee eee sees seve tits: 27. ‘Tarsus of ‘Pallas’ Cormorant, Anterior Aspects 1 2nyaice= yaar ele ante eee 178 28. Tibia,of Pallas’ Cormorant, AmterionsAspecte sn sins ce tt ten ttt etter eee 178 29. Left Lateral Aspect of Pelvis of Pallas’ Cormorant.................+...+.5...0-=- 181 30... Dorsal Aspect of Pelvis of Pallas’ Cormorant:e tacts cite tee 181 31. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Inferior Aspect of Cranium...................-..--. 184 32. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Left Ramus of Jaw, External Aspect.............-..-. 184 33. Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Mandible and Left Palatine External Aspect........... 184 34. Phalacrocoraz penicillaiues Cranium sete eee ee 186 30. Philacrocor das persprcriciiiess. @rarivtiU eye eee aie incre) eken tee Net mate tlhe eee en 186 36. Phalacrocorax carboxy Granvumiieree ete te os ei cre einer oe ata 186
37. Dorsal Aspect of themPelyisiot Breqatan aqua. welt aici es eae eerie ere te 209
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX. XX. XXI.
LIST OF PLATES.
. Diagram of Quarry C.
. Skull of Diplodocus longus Marsh.
. Cervical Vertebree of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.
. Cervical Series of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.
. Anterior View of Cervical Series of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher. . Posterior View of Cervical Series of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher. . Anterior Dorsals of Diplodoeus carnegii Hatcher.
. Anterior, Posterior, and Lateral Views of the Anterior Dorsals of Diplodocus carnegii
Hatcher.
. Posterior, Anterior, and Lateral Views of Twelve Anterior Caudals of Diplodocus car-
negii Hatcher.
. Comparative Views of Pelvis of Diplodocus and Brontosaurus.
. Hind Limb and Foot of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.
. Pelvis and Caudal Vertebree of Diplodocus longus Marsh, after Osborn.
. Restoration of the Skeleton of Diplodocus carnegii Hatcher.
. Top and Side View of Skull of Dapheenus felinus Scott.
. Side, Top, and Inferior View of Right Side of Skull of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher.
. Inferior View of Posterior Portion of Skull of Cynodictis gregarius Cope ; Left Ramus
of Dapheenus felinus Scott; Crown View of Right Ramus of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher ; Crown View of Right Ramus of Daphenus felinus Scott; Inferior View of Left Side of Skull of Daphenus felinus Scott.
Vertebre of Daphenus felinus Scott.
Mesosterni of Daphanus felinus Scott, Seen from Above ; Os Penis of Cynodictis gregarius Cope; Os Penis of Daphenus felinus Scott ; Axis of Protemnocyon inflatus Hatcher ; Superior View of Atlas of Same ; Left Side of Third Cervical of Same ; Front View of Right Hind Foot of Daphenus felinus Scott ; Front View of Right Fore Foot of Same.
Limb Bones of Daphenus felinus Scott.
Mounted Skeleton of Dapheenus felinus Scott.
Dorsal Aspect of the Pelvis of Plotus levaillanti ; Basal View of the Skull of Phaéthon ethereus ; Superior Aspect of the Skull of Phaétthon flavirostris ; Skeleton of the Left Foot of Fregata aquila; Ventral View of the Sternum of Phaéthon ethereus ; Left
Lateral Aspect of the Trunk Skeleton of Phaéthon flavirostris.
. Right Lateral View of the Skull and Mandible of Sula gossi; Basal View of Same
Skull; Basal View of the Skull of Sula brewsteri. ix
x
PLATE.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX. XXX.
LIST OF PLATES.
Superior Aspect of Skull of Su/a gossi; Superior Aspect of Skull of Sula brewsteri ; Left Lateral View of Trunk Skeleton of Sula gossi.
Left Lateral View of Skull of Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus ; Left Lateral View of Phalacrocorax albiventris ; Lett Lateral View of Skull of Phalacrocorax urile ; Basal View of Skull of Phajacrocorax melanoleucus ; Left Lateral View of Skull and Mandible of Phalacrocorax dilophus ; Superior Aspect of Skull of Palacrocorax p. robustus ; Superior of Skull of Phalacrocorax dilophus ; Superior Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocorax melanoleucus ; Superior Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocorax albiventris.
Dorsal View of Trunk Skeleton of Phalacrocorax urile ; Left Lateral View of Trunk Skeleton of Phalacrocorax urile.
Anconal Aspect of Right Carpo-metacarpus of Fregata aquila ; Left Lateral View of Skull of Phalacrocorax melanoleucus ; Anconal Aspect of Proximal Phalanx of the Medius Digit of the Manus of Right Pectoral Limb of Fregata aquila ; Basal Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocorax dilophus ; Basal Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocorax p. robustus ; Basal Aspect of Skull of Phalacrocorax albiventris ; Dorsal Aspect of Sternum and Os Fureula of Phalacrocorax albiventris.
Anconal Aspect, Right Ulna, Pelecanus sharpei; Anterior Aspect, Left Femur, Pelecanus sharpei; Anterior Aspect of the Left Tibio-tarsus, Pelecanus sharpei ; Palmar Aspect of Left Humerus, Pelecanus sharpei; Basal View of Skull of Pelecanus fuscus ; Basai View of Skull of Pelecanus sharpei ; Left Lateral View of Skull of Pelecanus sharpei ; Anterior Aspect of Right Coracoid of Pelecanus sharpei ; Anconal Aspect of Left Carpo-metacarpus, Pelecanus sharpei ; Superior View of Skull of Pelecanus fuseus ; Superior View of Mandible of Pelecanus fuscus.
Dorsal Aspect of Sternum and Codssified Os Furcula of Pelecanus sharpei ; Palmar Aspect of Left Pectoral Limb of Phalacrocorax urile ; Inner Aspect of Right Pelvic Limb of Phalacrocorax urile.
Skull, Including Mandible, of Fregata aquila (No. 18,485, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Ventral Aspect of Pelvis of Pelecanus sharpei ; Ventral Aspect of Sternum and
Shoulder-girdle of Fregata aquila ; Left Lateral Aspect of Sternum of Fregata aquila.
XXXI-XXXIX. Figures of New Genera and Species of Chalcidoidea, described by William
H. Ashmead.
Publications of the Carnegie Musewm. Serial No. 21.
MEMOLRS
OF THE
a NEG Le MUSEUM.
NOK. No. 4.
W. J. HOLLAND, Pu.D., Sc.D., LL.D., Eprror.
J. B. HatrcHer, Pu.B., Assocrare Eprror.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES
OR THE
SUPERFAMILY CHALCIDOIDEA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF
NEW SPECIES IN THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, COLLECTED IN SOUTH AMERICA BY
HERBERT H. SMITH.
By WILLIAM HARRIS ASHMEAD, A.M., Sc.D.,
ASSISTANT CURATOR, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PITTSBURGH. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE. JANUARY, 1904.
For sale by Messrs. Wm. Wesley & Son, 28 Essex St., Strand, London, England ; Messrs. R. Friedleender u. Sohn, 11 Carlstrasse, Berlin, N. W.6, Germany ; and at the Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S. A.
THIS VOLUME
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 'TO
DR. CARL W. von DALLA TORRE
THE EMINENT BOTANIST AND HYMENOPTERIST, PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK, WHO, IN THE COMPILATION OF ‘“CATALOGUS HYMENOPTERORUM,’? HAS DONE SO
MUCH FOR WORKING HYMENOPTERISTS
THE AUTHOR WaAsHtnatTon, D. C., January, 1904
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
[D020 TULA CETIN, & ORE ei Rie pague end Re Estee DO Ges roc CHRO Ea CRU RT Con Ss a ce ili
Saar ARTIC CRIS AEPESL UU cet cers nae Sty ee CaP se pe sis nlm c sa <icfiarein tacos stewie cic «aac te a da aA s Be x
Una Lite natal Bais pe dd wre bee © SGieib B Bice ORG)O Cena Ree erage Oo ae 225
Part I. Classification of the Chaleid Flies, or the Superfamily Chaleidoidea............. 226
Raby letining Wasrillieermearets Moyers tamer Seca cate ialevers ancora ene ktitiiae Oi geal a aievonsebads Pahoa 226 SES ana eet ee aa A HAI ATRIA Ne etiav= a eat ae G5, a 2 Riv shan ds cra: eon Vycye"s py <1 Seapets whe Sekai, Slave 23
spanleron su uiainl esse ernest ctl he Mens oS ian on Riis uch oe arenas 232
PSU ATA Eyer Leper DLO MIN Eee bay Nels sessesNcy otek vote srt tity ape nase site e casbare eum eteyey eerste 232
Pale role Creneramer cr tert eces ec ve et oc dart ery aim omy Aha Ede ee Gaal ais 233
UP ear yoo mets VCO PMA CN ES regs, cra, c1eV-4s-ency pe teiss owskekerele alae) «, 8 soererdese oa isterehe ers 234
Mails lemepien (Cron Gear pacer tenet CPN cp siles Se val arc taveh acerca rol etal eta ae cheapest ec alee 235
Et sara tl yee Mert ae Meme ca rsy Trak ses ta cya teeak onary ey tay he) oS ec ohacas cine Weave Wate aay ae ere a Ns 235
alietlexotesiiiamltltesre en emt terotke tre oes) teh, ec lah cts vabenerte coc Oe ee ereon als ohaeeueeie ere 236
OUEAUIT ve lemme canine eran na Mare aucish comers et erevecins sithoke [o's iets Sneha dats 237
ablemoia G enenamerpe were Moerman fe ie Miia ic Aree, ciao woe ele 237
Sesra pa eed aT Oem ol ee eae INDIA cece aS whey os hes cys cha ssioxsia) #4) <sota a ni Gente OUR wearin hs 241
MAb lero te rene lamer ter esto pi cers rca scare ove ene oeeie oe ais Bako mes Wee ee. PHA
Jit) ETT Ry) Td PVC 210 ee 242
SEEN is COSTER, Sean Be Se ck cet Oe Cae nee ant aS Bate RRR ee =A io 242
SENET APL UN Se 0S 0 COTY Te Re ee ena eeR 244
TER iE TSE, gth.g & Siieas Bien OFOmOIe th VAS EE aa cs Na et tec RR a a 244
PSUS LANENT Late Wes Dest LATENT pets ayel sist siete way cvsvorasle saline ccs ie..sa a elon susmat ere ae) ers 244
Eas lem Dian Gren elebae cet est ertenet a vale re sectere oe AO aE ec eke nc eam ea She 244
Seas MURAL ANN Nien CUENINGIEN ESS ce et ofy Gia nipak way « nce AD Sa ae shell o,axcie sve via were ce, fare 245
TRAST foee 6 Aes SOS = CeCe ee RIP OD ay Pac SES Oy ieee a 245
IReeT ANG TWILL CCIE TSENG BOO ie, Pre ces cnc atic OI NCAARES A SLR 246
A AALy once RU LANNY LES ye teroke be octane eye verey o) cacew aieieieiaiktS, cl chaomic: <-sisyateke ciara era oou ans. 246
Slee eC Raat! SyEU Leah CT BR eg ert ca 246
Gal lemoin Grermerdarserctr etc emyetays iaiatsvektvers aesto) ¢ sls ace ve spel'él e's iersr URW cise o o's ale 247
sleeve IIIS. COPIOUS: Hons Sha! ie bine GERD OCs ARG Coote Oar 247
ee ere hee nn ecpemneter es eave) ene pene OS Os ses ec oie Bi bie isa vl ahave Hi vie 4 ce 248
Abwleyd o(CLYTETG ITS accents a hie es GcIn oie CERO Ca ee a 248
plicityl Oa ie CHOY eer eae mere emery. oy a.4's ate uchvarn as. atta wimias ae ales es 248
AVAIL: ISTO tals occas OS eRe te CHOIR IETS CCRC AIC renee 250
leita Lem hi Grenle Caeeme ne tenes eee clare cerns okies swiss mere Hale ceis ie ele eratelele ADO.
Pies bree ele emma hice rbebliniter, peetereis Mite ere xlocc cust <ikiel et eiaia\aiv oyee-ayeravevels: e'alure® 254
ANSTO Garg NER VA GIET 5 fey Bab ah Sy SACI ny OCR OTE nary ae irae 254
Piiiow A VeMEEL AIOE] LITT eral eh tarts sctete tyekarots io icield< sisiere's see cae» 254
MAS Gain, COYOTE 6 Stati cB ORCI GG Rien Oe RRS RO Re ee ne as ea 254
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
‘Tribe V0 -Dirhimint. <e0%,.¢.6 od ane ore en ee ne ee eee 257
Table of Genera’ 2.0: sca es Sida Fe ee ee, Seen ae eee 257
Family LX) “Warytomidee: 5:0. oie trie aes eS = ies te eee oe eee ec Table of 'Tribess. 2.00 8.004 oe sree Ss rw os OO en ae ee ee 258 Tribe: Ty AAT 58 pated Sse eet ec Syosset ee ee 258 Tablecof (Genera -c.ioves os a cote ele Biohes She aoe eee 258 TPribeEL.; * Weosominy:. 5 5:27 ucheze 2s sepa eicietejegeseacteneyeto ru oy rel erent Mee eee etter 259
Table of Genetat.\ sacs stoic ce he ls ee oe I ee ee 259
Rribew Els Biuny tonne] ee erie eer er ictec ee eee eo eae eee 260 TableatGeneraas sicaihal okie etude oor cao OTe eros eee Ee ee 261
Mribe UVi, WRileyanispeterct- tee cieks or cieere perenne tenons hacen IeNcitt erenteae 263
Table: of \Genieras siti ssa ek SE eae A Slo tarcke ese nee e TEL eee ee 264
Tables V;;; “Decatominis <5 soiree al oes ee oe Oe ere 265 Tablevol Generad os scic occ a ie iantd etter Sates ras aie ae oie 265
Family LXV; © Perilamipidse sso) a 0. oreo sis a niente ee i anon eae ee 265 Mable of Gener 05 0s een Ee ea ee ee 266 Pamily (LX: V <9 BinehiartGaee wicce.< ache woes) sy taauay Me onac3.o abaneynge aaegeteel aha eee 266 Mablenok Generar socks sales koe ee eee eee ee ERO en ka ee 267 Family LXV I. “Miscogasteridei. 3 ssw sinc a) atlierae a) apse ts a Seana pepe cue aee are 270 Tablesof.Subfamilies), sc.ccstee os ako ceachn tier Scene Oe err ere ae ae Priel Subfamily 0. * Penis. sea. 2.2 oot ete on cnet obabs penance tei eee een Parl Table-of Generan. 3. acc cerce os knits oe Oe ee eerie Dea SHintmplhe lie AbeGhipibias once Cosoanel sododossdacoscosomopodedosas 272 TablecofDribesiak . oe ce eo eh rk, IS ia lao Sears Ronee eee 273
Abinto KI MiGh pin GAACAsOmcmoomacanatad cagpdoequbponon cacy € 273
Mableyot' Genera :sy22 even speak sain ake Oo TO Oe eee 273
Mrtbenll.:, . Metastemini. 22.:ccok a c.5.6 chk cco poretaeeue aerate rota SPC one ere 275
Table lot! Genera. ced ecco eels cht Soe a IE Oe eee 275
Subfamily ILI, Miscogasterinm .!.\..<,< oon lesa | ot fauee See cts eer ee 276
Table of: Bri bees sa verufocale week sck AC eeoy r eeyaie Ra eR eee Dili
Tribe 1,! “Halticopierini. <2. -): rae a Siesta oth ain, tee ete ie eee PATEL
Table ‘of Genera, ipo. elec ed, oe eee a en ee 277
Tribe II. Miscogasterin! Oe Ee re nA mea Aa Saco de 278 ‘TablevofiGenerais os iciando cca CaS Ole ee ee RO Cn Re ee eee 278
Subfamily WViy Welapinse: eyes 1c ates etter liens aie eee ee 279 TablesofGenerasjac 2. «<5 2, nel ansliena cae oc eewe eee earn eee er re 279
Bamily a xeViii:; \Gleonynitdsets. <5 ee one ene clei eeepc sete ee 280 ‘Table.of Stibfamilltes io) s5-).. ease. 2 ow te ereye eee oo een ieee Cae eee 280 Subfamily I. (Chalcedectins se )esc,nicteis siete oe arene eter eee 281
Table. of Generads cos ik. 3.0 es eo ie ee Oe ee ee 281 Subfamily’ Ti’) (@leonyminse ss <i glee arte Roce er ners ra eee 282
Table: of (Genera <i -cstcre cepacia ase ee ee Oe 282 Subfamily We Pelecinelliimses sic ceesvateceeeie stayed ete pee eee 285 Subfamily. [iV (Colotmechnine 7505 2.58 ecise eeetcl -hecieaete eeeean ee 285 Family LoxXoV ELD Bmoeyrtidse yee cae esate iors ere vareta ols ook cee e el ee eae 286
Table of Subfamualies sf s2.c 5 ade a alates ene Cuan ace as ear tot oko Arte atoh once etter ane none 286
TABLE OF CONTENTS vil
Spur mea valine UIP ELOVIN Sowerater-verers chika, «cg oy nereN eto caste seekec= ve extuele aicets Sele 287 RAD exOte len Des eepy oer havin ora Stee rate eS re oon a @ tie. babies aus esd Siemens 287 dnrben eerie lminte sree cree ters ccspa-a si oiafarcua sdelerarlorseel nase ei aie Soete: 287 AAR. EEN, GAS SEB bce a tit Gan OA OICHe Ono es Oe kone SE Een cae 287
ripen lee aria gstierainntrs papstever a ciara a steps share ever ae ey Siows ayn seeeimctaae Bese 291 ab levois Genera peers cr reer, hates eictausy ore 0 MS ale rele Beas ea was 291 Sunni DUES: DT aH eae Aiseibin cents oC Ronee RIS Mc nck or eoS er SOP aoe 292 Mableco teres seers aec year rcere tee tet si aicvt oi As. ox soll any einai shane Silene SMEG 292 Eitasi pers le mes CEDORN ITI eepeteas te eyeeee class stess Gon'c. osha er oa 5 SeSIR AR oene tae eee ehemetereits 292 ula akon CHELAN Pa eats an cheerios ee aie: ot ocheve cine Olek aay Acne oe aiuad aba ae 293
ANY Mig” “Ny ine Ale 6, cect Oe aa poe a acdooue Soboou eel! Peay tote Generale tnacca smear tected ate a ete aiccstarsialalecss Maree sett eta ate 297
A Brand oysy JUG) Rt 14 arial Sac SPS cin EES eRe Ina eE as Ain Chard Oo ciaiicear oleic 298 Mia Leto fel Gren Greer rey srarciey tis) aire te enero hate Leta cavaboneet eee tant aronetions 298 JbaloalWo, Zwaditaneie aah Soret ees on al eeu s SOO dob os Too ciGe 311 PD locos Gremeravetn «arsteccraictiiclccdeus ator aus carat ovata ot ahaa Mt so Oe eee 311 Staite be Wier OEliiee es sz chee + cslies w'a Draketncote whayeicle' = erate as bore wieele Sula inten IDDUDS. . TetenOGhsoion setae oe Ea bean bobo ons used po oaosouduce 311 SRabletatesupranaies teria syn cake, seh creme acc 2) coe th Pon Pelee uins ee Reine emia ty arch see 312 pS eaanaverenaige Bee OE ber a Vuicpenthse io fi ced aera = eG) a SET Sea ate, OS ccea ered. oldl 5 ayers 312 Warp sley Ota Meni es eaves sere. oats eh wee eke ec aae Socucsens ane) neta onan aE rc ol aie S318} Thee dl.’ MIG MAINA cn. nog b Boga gbnd Co bMmue gc oND megud 6feoen etc oe
MY DEB 2s aS US PEN VAN Tot. Coat aye OR Eee oR REC RE RRTicniry tee Presa Iotael eae cer Sime Rou a 313
invlog JO, Isai ils cionas 6 peo ob6 GOdae de cd s0Io Sueradusiges adc 315 Sab evo tereniense sae cote cta sc ee Ger ataiehe Sa Sia Loman Fancinlereeeese S15) 315
shrew Uleerm A rtelamieeeentsgeclowters a x occas teva sreseiey ae Aol oreile leew ienay ieee aaa aly TIER Gaye CE paiva eee teh crc RRL ea ee ORS Ea ernie eames ol
rte we Vepec ie COPOrTa linia set ovesic, siaretouenavciel ete ere stoner a tas Pet's Cade: cremcdciaiinns\ aay se 318 alerts] ene tan Grenieriney mets vere arere arate each aesreh vont a eer actay elena eee tals Se 318 Stomimilky ING WI Wainesn Goa obo omc og etodopon pacp etme OE AICO.G 318 Valerie meribesscweeterielorenate isa cia clans fos a olereuearatae Sretes Rete Boag Clase yecenets 322 Mrerbies Us a RU BIMOCEMIN Ny sere. « Sfoiaiy: = Shee incaeihietepseteced erate Raskeaa et Spas 5 eenla 5 et ableroHe Generar ke cittede fre sale c.cl cist ene aictereretalcdenBs Piers stasis Se eue OAD
iri besiiamme ly lenisiniamer ncetecrt acter tie cet a ctehe ess aire ctenatch dares Sula ath os 323 Mealy en Ober CELA page a caer aes Die eee Mite cree cyehe ete and Sis: ailare: test evere 323
Avelyn Ut, © IEC JENN Joon ules tho aon bo bb.So Onm Be arn oro nace ra Tab levotm Generate nt eer isics hc vicle Cities chile aiew ce hee aes Oe
Ser aor Deanne (AN CNN te Oa ayes Eee een en le a eieyeterals 8 as AWais aR A Hee 8 OBO DRY ay Cesa P( GHSTENR hess Sept CHT SrCkcne COLO CS RCAC RE ORO cit ny EER RO ae a Subfamily IV. Sphegigasterine ................ Soetoro cay coeeoreat eee 327 PAD LEOLMILCINGR SNIP ENC et ecen te Ie rol. ge ene clt siclelsoiaeeahtiwcrs oh eeyet os DO Cee aE oe Pte cits cee Aube She afta isd elas t.e Male ca aee kee see Boe
AR nseaye (Grants ao eee is RO wea eR Pane ere
DRYING Sle pe ACU VAICULUNE cree hae Sie dace Wipe Wiese eve cee ead wie anes wees 329 iat] EMOTO CIS MEER ear hea cis ORR PEIN WATS slureh.¥.s cera stands OLO Pikes) AR PME MEBELELIDN dic. s oases me eee tele ss Oe recd sees ries OOO
vill TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Gemera ini jced ices ce cyaga ines she oo oe Rete oe ee eee 330
Tribe: EV: “Cratomini:; 30 jcc oOo Oo he ae ee eee iene ae 332 Table. of ‘“Generay.s0s2 ts cate eee ee arene Eee er eee te 332 Subfamily FV. (Spalanptine:. 22.6 jc e 22:5. es eee ans ee eerie BBE Table: of Generans sss cc Seto Sees Eel eel rege Eee Se TS OI eae eee 333 Subfamily (V-), (Diparinw: ssc. pie eee ee ere tie ieee tee ee 334 Tableiof ‘Generatce 2 hice fetes Chea ne oe ete 334 amily: 1Xox = Bilasmaidas 5,4 ste aie is set etic fee een ene ere ey eee 335 Tablesof ‘(Generanyevice cis) oo ee ot eee ee ee 335 Letras bia 62. @.4 Baal onil() eich ison pa nieGotonede na adscsopocduadadscodsaconcgons tb ARN eorteroul oie iil (Om wats metoks ooo Obie oo hea nko es ch hale nee 337 Subfamily, Us ented ominser yen pone ter Weta te vee ears eee eee eee eae 337 Table of “Eiribes.s sti.o1.s a eavovecSicrctere, ue RR ene Oe coe Ree enti ee aes 337 Tribe Ws Letracampimt’s soc <r) -ponetst-poi oes eee vane ele cr aetna een eee eae 337 Table‘ of! Genera) 3 soc iests bn ea A Oe eee eae 338
Tribe Li.y (Omphalantc ..3-1oc.n. au ere ee ee ee 338 Table"of Genera. . serio he dic ante Pana eee ae eee 309
Tribe EhL,< Bnted oni ise ao ses sti cra, Pato Sel a ee aie a Ree 340 Table of (Gieniera sac, fg ~ 5 sete Sr Serer ee eee et ne Sa 340
Tribe EV.) | Pediobitinis.eces feo tean eit Se ee eee ted cee ee 343 Subfamily £1. -Aiphelinine. 2.2 Sere ate 22 ees iw ee ee Pe ee eee 344 Table of “Eres ie. store ch secs nas Se ie oe eee ee he O45 Tribe I.) Aphelinint® .p.<'- 2 foca.8 ego hee oe eee are ee ee 345 Table Of: Genelasck ete ats ose d SO ee ee eee eee 345
Drbe We] —Pteroperieini acres notes eee ee ee et eee eee ee 347 Table of Genera inc 0s 6:00 ca ore eS EE ee AL Subfamily TE, Tetrastichinses. .... oa ad ie ae oe ee 347 "Table Of Tribes -0'so.0.5.¢ deans ot 2a Oe Eee eee 347 Tribe L. - ‘Ceratoneurini:< <3.602. 3 6 Soe eee ee eee 347 Tribe EL. "Létrastichinits 22.5% ae ose oe ee eee eee 347 Table of) Generay) 2550's Sat OR ee eee 348 Sabfamily DV. Blachertins: 2. 2% s+ = -Sciseie ta nra tree ee ee 350 Table of Tribes ca.):2.5.. S550 cas ocelot eee ee Eee Eee 351 Tribe I.» Buplectrini. 2.2055 a6. & 5) caso ean = fe ey ote pet gee 351 Mableof (Genera oss ches onic See Coon eee nee a} Sig eee 351
Tribe EE, Opbelinini: :).se../s-j52 for ek eles speeds = ee Sea ee Table of Genera. ...':-5-canoe hPa ode Dee RE ee LenS ae
Tribe PE Wlachertint «236% a5 0e eee , baul's east Ae Bene Oe Table,.or, Genera: 52. <:5::,<:4 ala actos ale oe ee Mee eitlan ee See eee 354 Subfamily “V.. ulophine..... «0.05 seetbton cates - ce oie er ieee Table of. Tribes s: 62 vjec oA Sersens © alee ee her re ee: ee eee eee te Tribe WL... Hulophint...:.3, 5...5:.c.. alee se eee a eee ke 356 Table. of \Genera’s itis cadu, 0 anit Sen eo oe In ee 356
Tribe LL. “Elemiptarsenini.\5 3702 a pacino ne ee ane eer 358 Table .of Genera: 5 scs6 ann dons ee ee es
Family LACXIL ) ‘Triehogrammidie:.<o. <5 oadss-ainraine iefals, | <iatcke nee 358
ix -
TABLE OF CONTENTS SEACH IMD LAM CRM ern percret dears: saa eens ic iie (teen neem era evens otis mules erate ve ate ood, e 359 ‘Stiateninlie Ts, lO lire Saniey oi Meetenn eiaermicer gos te Se dice mn CEI aoe Cee 359 sleet LOnOle Greneneererat se ese sates ape crate, ee. occa e aun ore eniraDas ep Nes Slee ds 359 Supiamilya Wl eesuor cho mrearmauiince pint years sts cise tae eeracie cis crevice mi ¢sereis oe 360 Blatt ee Oty Gren creteenn cies et on ta ala ho uw esaits oxen in, wleveieiesPe Gear: BSUS x00" er0r6 360 COST STS Bib. d A a SSI Ba TEI De oe at a 361 SSB e Digi rainltee sf wate eae. Ge are Lets ee kg) aay sie Wie bre eee: +8 ean oe 362 SHEN eE MIL as OHALOCER UNIO toh Bets ast is + + sis s ejay wee ecwe wie ea kw oes ee 362 sPablexo tain bese ttee truss ieee ee eis iene 2ehch ays Fe vesecee es atagniane ones wists 362 iPuibew les Quctoninime trates toad re, giannis che < ci bie aandies a, ogee eis Se powele hal 362 alee Ofe Gauci tcmrure tot corp ota ocrcinte aio chat aimeanrayecorers Giais. dior 362 gRripealie ss Gran ttoceniittyatyamtr cts cess te cusses eres ae sae S aiele Vey vesiaveyens whe s 362 Hab lesa ha Genenavamiar raat. tei of AM A A faycie Pee leg treet, Cutie onate Be 362 EO Diatell yee MUNN eee ees ots IS oc Sey Waaiw ahs yeas EAS oa 363 PADRE Aye IAs ee ate CARNE sre Seat cca Gh th pate eae n mecatathy eons Eocbe Altes 363 Biol eM OTH 4s Soon eietetls Geer ete RR MONO IE pease Cae ee OTe Coe 363 ptableromGenerasens wear sete te Asie oe aay casas oer OSs vier 363 Ay opel PONS cts thn Be. Oreo Acdae i, Biniese Deas oe We eee See, 5 363 Aleta Genera see eee entree artes te ci ereeae Siecle re etic 363 Genera unknown to author and! not classified)..........-2.+.-- eee cee reese cece 364 Genera incorrectly placed with ‘Chaloidoides, . 0.0... 02 cess eee detec cdieweees 364 WiteratiTerandeAlb DEC VIALlONs ackaperr wen on tai N wc a) crdicoe a2e'c, fre alse tientitess a he eley ame ieee 522 Bibliography of genera alphabetically arranged................00 eevee cece ee ees 365 AEE egee SOUL A menicany @halcidoidedenyas vite gt aio ones ours wt yeneorisie eielsr ee eters 394 Family [Nee AHROILG cee Symmes rataeh sc ccl aleidy a gates wisls areaaopace lest: wise ates 394 Family TUNG Tere vin sees estar et Heo ee fev aicas he nc one Vet aagitae SgaWeralen eerste elie 395 Family | WPS on) LCM EIOTENG Lois eres ts oleae Raita oan acer ae Stcache NG RUSE ENCE OIC tack 402 LEE SCCp UNG ey 9201 TEL ARS Fig 0) c 700 FY a ea i ar a 458 Barrie ve SME NG AV soe LUAU TOL CG GOs totes cte ve NC cra cre, Sst apsute abe ec dav ci chet ocelot wledeye: wuss ards 467 Family WEEMON pesados oyna mange forave le cuiec® aiarsie qiekage she claheyt pie, so ciosens. See 4 » 467 ara yam NG Viale INGO Caste nIC cere cerns) alov<- cyeiai<re age) etareiels < shekaienetcts @'si\slebs.s) «oars « 474 LS ag) be AY WG) oF ya 0 on eee ec Se ake 483 Bieri byes eNO VATA pein oy tl sein 3, rete ener ays ci elev ohcictere aye catia te Srameisdele Mars staaner4 4 oa ems 486 STAR Sl 02.3 Sem soy ne CU PaO a a ee a I 497 Family IEDR “LB EIS nih Eos eaewal Ae pone eencio ae OG hoeis 7 DI ORNS DA Reece 502 Reo | TUSSI. Tnilayal Nees ac nic dan eo BOR oc.o Abit om Aube Boku Oce ic oOome 503 Pavers ADOT Abit eean i Clse as eo ao oe Gre Oe wee Seo. Ole Siew ia TaicacO Orcnenen 521 AFG rent vague Leese MtLemmmes VS YUN Srey aan See AtE ier ian nS ata ats ls ahs) cakac a, cxsatevsisieisiaysiislahs. 6241 52] LUTE CUD TRENDS ao Gao teboheneoter oe tra Prono. cee clans Arcee, Se tee nn oe ey a oa aca 522 Repeal PNR, eee era Onin iai ee aie Os ales cites CE) Ks Seine pusaiees cues 5383
2
ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA.
Page 240, line 27, Ofetesella should read Ofitesella.
Page 254, line 30, Anacryptua should read Anaeryptus.
Page 261, line 43, Prodecotoma should read Prodecatoma.
Page 293, line 40, (type Phanodescus) should read Phenodiscus.
Page 297, line 7, Tetracnemoidea Ashmead should read Tetracnemoidea Howard.
Page 318, line 7, Nasonia Ashwood should read Nasonia Ashmead,
Page 335, line 33, Australia should read Australian.
Page 339, line 20, Roudani should read Rondani.
Page 342, line 2, Asecodas should read Asecodes.
Page 347, line 3, Tetrastechinz should read Tetrastichine.
Page 355, line 7, Stenomesioidea should read Stenomesioideus. Page 362, line 9, Abdomen petiolate should read abdomen sessile or subsessile.
Page 364, line 38, Diplalepis should read Diplolepis.
Page 365, line 1, (= Megastigmus Dalman) should read (= Megaspilus Westwood). Page 371, line 13, (= Kriechbaumenella Dalla Torre) should read (= Kriechbaumerella). ‘Page 373, line 31, Hnargopelte should read Huargopelte.
Page 377, line 32, (type HH. dichrous Thomson) should read (type H. niger Ashmead). Page 380, line 5, Lymnenon should read Lymncon.
Page 389, line 15, (type Malea Ashm.) should read mellea.
Page 400, line 19, Plesiostigmodus should read Plesiostigmodes,
Page 496, line 7, Parencyrtus brasiliensis sp. nov. should read Parencyrtus brasiliensis Ashmead, Page 502, line 14, Subfamily V. should read Subfamily TV.
Page 505, line 6, verticellatus should read verticillatus.
Page 537, line 14, Dimmoctia should read Dimmockia.
NOTE BY THE AUTHOR.
Some pages of my MS. were lost, either in transmitting or in the printing office, and some species in the Index do not appear in the body of this work. These are :
Decatoma equiramulis Mayr, D. breviramulis Mayr, D. longiramulis Mayr, Spilochaleis mesomela Walk., Ceratosmicra flava Ashmead, and C. Koeblei Ashm.
To the Bibliography of the Genera should be added : ApreroLeLaps Ashmead, Fauna Hawaiiensis, I., 1901, p. 312 (type A. nigriceps Ashm.). Aseiba Cameron ( = Cerchysius Westw. teste Howard), Biol. Centr.-Amer. Hym., [., 1889, p. 127. Brucuosius Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 314 (type B. laticeps Ashm.). Nerocatotaccus Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 320 (type Catolaccus tyloderme Ashm.). NeoLevaps Ashmead, Fauna Hawaiiensis, I., 1901, p.312 (type N. hawaiiensis Ashm.). Packardiella Ashmead, n. n. for Pteratomus Packard, ante, p. 364 (type Pteratomus putnamii
Pack.). Tetracnemoidea Howard, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus., XXI., 1898, p. 233 (type T. australiensis Howard).
Westwoodella Ashmead, gen. noy., ante, p. 359 (type Oligosita subfasciata Westw.). Xanthoatomus Ashmead, gen. nov., ante p. 360 (type Y. albipes Ashm.).
X1
ae eee Labs om
MEMOLIRS
OF THE
CARNEGIE MUSEUM.
VOL. 4: NO. 4.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUPERFAMILY CHALCIDOIDEA. By Wm. Harris AsHmeap, A. M.
INTRODUCTION.
About fourteen years ago Mr. Herbert H. Smith placed in my hands for study part of his extensive collection of South American parasitic Hymenoptera, repre- senting the old families Proctotrypidxe, Cynipidx and Chalcidide. The collection was a valuable one and when I took it I confidently expected to find time to finish with it within two or three years; but so much other material was thrust upon me for study that I found it a physical impossibility to do it justice in that length of time ; only a few short papers on it have been published. The work accomplished during these past fourteeen years has I think fully demonstrated that I have not been idle, my knowledge of the groups, genera, and species of the Hymenoptera has greatly increased and broadened, and I now feel better able to do justice to the splendid col- lection received so many years ago.
The Herbert H. Smith collection of insects, made in South America, repre- senting nearly all orders, has been acquired by the Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh, Pa., and much to my regret, the many fine species, except a set of dupli- cates in my hands, and which I had always hoped might be secured by the National Museum, must go to that Museum. Dr. W. J. Holland, the Director of the Carnegie Museum, desires now that I complete my work as soon as pos- sible and return the material in my possession. In acceding to this request I have stipulated that he publish my classification of the chalcid-flies, or the Super- family Chalcidoidea, as a part of this work, and it is through his liberality that I am able to give so many fine illustrations and present in a more attractive form
my ideas on the classification of another great complex in the Order Hymenoptera. 225
226 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
The Proctotrypoidea, and _Cynipoidea in the collection will be described in another paper.
In this contribution I have restricted myself to elucidating the chalcid-flies and have divided it into two parts. ‘The first part is devoted to a classification of the superfamily Chalcidoidea; the second part deals with the South American Chalci- doidea. In this latter part, besides my report upon the Herbert H. Smith collection, the descriptions of the new genera and species, is given a complete bibliographical catalogue of all the known South American species.
PART I. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID-FLIES, OR THE SUPERFAMILY CHALCIDOIDEA.
Among the ten great groups or superfamilies of the Hymenoptera, recognized by the author, there is none so large numerically, more important economically, or so difficult to study and classify as the superfamily Chalcidoidea or the Chalcid-flies. The species exist everywhere not by hundreds, but by thousands and millions, and they are probably of far greater importance, from an economic standpoint, than are the Ichneumonoidea or ichneumon-flies.
Only a few of them, comparatively speaking, are in any sense injurious, a single minor group, the tribe Jsosomini, in the family Eurytomide, alone being injurious to vegetation. All the others, except the fig-insects forming the family Agaonidz, the Megastigminx, a subfamily in the Torymide, and some few hyperparasitic genera in different families, being genuine parasites and beneficial to man. It is true, however, that some of the chalcid-flies destroy a few beneficial insects, but the vast majority of the known species destroy mostly the injurious species in the other orders, 7. ¢., the Coleoptera, the Lepidoptera, the Diptera, the Rhynchota, etc.; they attack the eggs, the larvee, and the pupze, and in some cases even the imagoes of their hosts, and their value to many great industries of the world cannot easily be estimated. Who, for example, can estimate the value of the fig-insects to the fig industry of the United States? Through the efforts of Dr. L. O. Howard and Mr. W. T. Swingle, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the caprifier of the Smyrna fig, Blastophaga psenes Linné (grossorwm Gravenhorst), has been successfully introduced into the fig-orchards of California, and the experiments already made fully demonstrate the great value this little chalcid-fly has to the fig industry. It is evidently destined to revolutionize fig-growing in the United States, making it exceedingly profitable, and, on account of the superiority of the American-grown
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 227
Smyrna fig pollenized by these Chalcid-flies, will in time diminish the impor- tation of the Smyrna fig. The Megastigmine too, I suspect, are like the fig- insects, and will be found to be of great importance as pollenizers of various plants and trees.
At present the known genera and species of the Chalcidoidea are considerably less in number than are the _Ichneumonoidea recently classified by the writer; but this is due simply to the fact that the literature on the subject, in various languages, is widely scattered, in many foreign journals, magazines, proceedings of learned societies, etc., and the minute size of most of the species and the difficulty of their study, have deterred entomologists from giving them any attention. Only a little over 5,000 species have been described.
If we look back for a century and a half we find comparatively few who have given much attention to these “atoms of creation,” and of these a few names only stand out conspicuously as students of this great complex. The study of the group began about one hundred and fifty years ago with Linnzeus in Sweden and with Geoffroy in France. Linné, or Linneeus, in his Systema Natura, tenth edition, published in 1758, described several species under his genera Ichnewmon, Cynips, Sphex, ete. Others took up their study, and an interest in them was aroused in Sweden, Austria, Germany, France, Italy, and England. In Sweden, besides Linné, Swederus, Fabri- cius, Zetterstedt, Dalman, Boheman, Dahlbom and Thomson did much valuable work in the group; in Germany, Klug, Nees von Esenbeck, Bouché, Ratzeburg, and Foérster—the last mentioned, the greatest systematic worker in the group; in Austria, Reinhard and Mayr; in Russia, Motschulsky ; in France, Geoffroy, Latreille, Fons- colombe, Perty, Guérin, Giraud, Sichel, and André ; in Italy, Spinola and Rondani ; in England, Curtis, Haliday, Westwood, Walker, Saunders, Kirby, and Cameron ; and in America, Say, Fitch, Cresson, Walsh, Riley, Provancher, Howard, and Ash- mead. <A few others might be mentioned, but those specified are the ones whose names stand out prominently as adding materially to our knowledge of the group during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
For years I have been studying this great complex and in the following pages have attempted to define the families, subfamilies, tribes, and genera of the world. The work has been a gigantic and most laborious one, necessitating the microscopic examination of many thousands of these minute creatures; but if it shall be found that I have brought some order into their classification, that I shall excite an interest in the collecting of the many thousands still unknown, and that I shall stimulate others to study them, my time has not been wasted and I shall be amply repaid.
228 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Superramity VII. CHALCIDOIDEA. 1758. Cynips, Linné (partim), Syst. nat., Ed. 10%, L, p. 343. 1802-05. Diplolepaires, Familie soixante deuxiéme (partim) Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins., XIII., p. 198. 1802-05. Cynipseres, Familie soixante-troisiéme (partim), opus. cit., p. 211. 1809. Diplolepariz, Familia quinta (partim) Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins., IIL., p. 15. 1809. Cynipsera, Familia sexta (partim) Latreille, opus. cit., supra, p. 21. 1811. Diploleparia, Familia (partim) Spinola, Ann. du Mus. Natur., XVII, p. 138. 1320. Pteromalini, Familia (partim) Dalman, Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. HandL, p.
132. 1825. Chalcidites, Quatriéme Tribu (partim) Latreille, Fam. Natur. d. Régne anim., p. 446.
1830. Chaleida, Family, Leach, Edinb. Encycel., IX., p. 144.
1840. Chalcidide, Family, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II., p. 154.
1846. Chalcidites, Order, Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, L., p. 1.
1856. Chalcidize, Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., pp. 1-90.
1875. Pteromalide, Familia, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p. 3.
1877. Chaleidita, Tribe 4, Forster, Ueber den Syst. Werth d. Fliigelg. bei d. Hym., Peato:
1886. Chalcididee, Family, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 197.
1897. Chalcidoidea, Superfamily VII., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 243.
TABLE OF FAMILIES.
1. Hind wings exceedingly narrow, linear, pedunculate at base; ovipositor issuing from beneath just anterior to tip of abdomen ; antennz without a ring-joint, the scape rather small, short, compressed...... 12 Hind wings never very narrow, nor linear, not pedunculate at base ; ovipositor issuing far anterior to the tip of abdomen ; antennz elbowed, with 1, 2, or 3 ring-joints, very rarely without, the scape large ‘and ‘rather Woug: ... 2.5.4 ceisic de.oih etre Sits fnle-ats flere aiatede tee let Ieee cere eee ae
2. Axille triangularly produced or advanced forward into the basal region of the scapul, their base or anterior margin on or in advance of an imaginary line drawn from tegula to tegula; anterior tibial
spur most frequently small or weak ; tarsi 3-4-jointed, rarely 5-jointed or heteromerous............ 10 Axillsze normal, or at least never produced forward into the basal region of the scapulz, their base or anterior margin straight and always back of an imaginary line drawn from tegula to tegula; anterior tibial spur large and strong; tarsi 5-jointed (rarely 4-jointed, or 3- or 4-jointed in some Wingless males). 5.6.5.6 1d,-0e'sie evecare wd /b10 a)» 5 o:sle.e, 0.0) 90, ofe-ave, ciefelo eleyetel aie aadets are ela ce Rie aene
3. Head in 2 oblong, with a deep, broad longitudinal furrow above, the occipital margin superiorly, usually with a small recurved tubercle or spine at its middle; mandibles or palpi most frequently furnished with saw-like appendages; anterior and posterior legs very stout, their tibise very much
shorter than their femora, the middle legs very slender, sometimes aborted ; hypopygium very
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 229
prominent, acute, cultriform or lanceolate ; ovipositor long, prominently exserted; ¢' always apterous, the head anteriorly with a deep triangular fovea, in which are placed the short 3-9-jointed antenne ; the abdomen in the <¢ is broadly sessile, long and tubular, thickened at base, or broadened apically with a tubercle or filament at each apical angle.......Family LX. AGAoNID&®. Head rarely oblong and quite differently formed, never with a deep broad longitudinal furrow above, most frequently transverse, or subquadrate, the occipital margin never with a small recurved spine ; mandibles and palpi without saw-like appendages ; middle legs not especially slender, the anterior and posterior legs are often stout, but their tibiz are always longer, at least never shorter than their femora; hypopygium rarely very prominent; 3 most frequently winged, rarely apterous ; in the latter case the abdomen is normal, not long and tubular, Mesopleura large, entire, without a femoral furrow, except occasionally in some males, the hestpts ermim large, triangular, not extending to base of front coxse; middle tibial spur saltatorial, most frequently long and stout, or dilated at base. ......................... 8 Mesopleura always with a femoral furrow or impression, the mesepisterntin variable, rarely large, except in the Cleonymidx, most frequently small, wedge-shaped, or linear and extend- ing to base of front coxre; if large’and triangular, either the anterior or the posterior femora are much swollen ; middle tibial spur not saltatorial, usually short or weak, never very stout. Hind tibize with 2 apical spurs, rarely with 1 only; in the latter case the radius termi- nates in a large, rounded stigma, the ovipositor very long.....................248. 4 Hind tibize with 1 apical spur ; ovipositor rarely long ; if long the stigma is small,..., 9 4. Mandibley faleate, usually with 1 or 2 teeth within; thorax most frequently very gibbous, the scutellum usually very large, often abnormally developed, elevated and produced posteriorly, the axillze connate, not distinctly separated from the surrounding surface and broadly united along Mandibles usually 3-4-dentate at apex, rarely faleate, with 1 or 2 teeth within ; thorax not, or very
AHEM NMOL SINAN CIN pe emayetatete eres siavele) nib nies sts (ois e\aimts. sieieia aja sinhe Salah efe ptoi tele we ete
slightly, gibbous, the axille distinctly separate, their inner margins most frequently widely separated, very rarely touching.
Hind coxie rarely much larger than the anterior cox, most frequently smaller or equal; if much larger, the pronotum is elongate, mesepisternum large, the hind legs very long, the postmarginal vein very long; ovipositor very rarely prominent. ."................-.2.... 5
Hind cox: very large and long, usually five or six times larger than the anterior coxie.
Hind cox subtriquetrous, or at least compressed into a sharp ridge above ; hind femora rarely very much swollen, and most frequently simple, rarely with one large tooth or den- ticulate beneath ; hind tibia usually straight ; abdomen most frequently subcompressed (more rarely depressed), with a long ovipositor ; if without an exserted ovipositor, the
abdomen is conical or conic-ovate with a peculiar sculpture, the radius (stigmal vein)
usually very short, the hind tibise at apex normal......... Family LXI. ToryMiIpx=
Hind coxze usually very long and subeylindrical ; hind femora always much swollen and most frequently armed with teeth beneath or finely serrated, rarely without teeth ; hind tibiz strongly curved and obliquely truncately produced at apex, so that the tarsi seem to be attached a little before tips; abdomen of various shapes, most frequently conical or conic-oyate, more rarely globose, or oblong-oval, the ovipositor very rarely prominent; radius variable, rarely very short.......... Family LXII. CHALcrpIp®.
5. Pronotum rarely transverse quadrate, conical or conically produced anteriorly, or very short, trans-
verse linear, and very much narrowed medially, rarely as wide as the mesonotum.............. 7
230 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Pronotum large, quadrate or transverse quadrate, never very short, if somewhat shortened always as
wide as the mesonotum. Pronotum quadrate or subquadrate ; abdomen in 9° not triangulated, either globose, ovate, conic-
ovate or lanceolate and compressed or subcompressed, the hypopygium most frequently prominent plowshare-shaped ; second dorsal segment never very large ; mandibles not strong, most frequently 4-dentate................0ce+eeeeeee+----s Family LXIM. EurRyTomip2. ° Pronotum shorter, more transverse and as wide as the mesonotum ; abdomen in 9 most frequently triangulated, or globose, the second and third segments occupying most of the dorsal surface, the following very short and more or less retracted within the third; hypopygium not prominent ; mandibles 2- or 3-dentate at apex.....-...-.-+++5 Family LXIV. PERILAMPID2. 6. Second abdominal segment very large and most frequently enclosing the following ; coxe not large, subglobose, nearly equal ; all legs very slender; radius scarcely developed, its stigma sessile or sub- SOSSULO', sten.5 555 os0ra;'2'5' cia, <dilara ee isis ode. ca 51 Sis cise Scaislarel le delehele wie ree te oiaib ire le a SEE LILLY IE a he EORTC ACRE as 7. Mesepisternum not large, triangular ; anterior femora never much swollen, the posterior femora also normal or only slightly swollen ; marginal vein in hind wings usually long, the costal cell not reach- ing to the hooklets or spinulze and most frequently very narrow ; radius well developed. Family LX VI. MiscoGAsTERID&. Mesepisternum large, triangular; either the anterior or the posterior femora are much swollen and sometimes toothed, or both are swollen with the hind femora toothed ; if with slender legs, the hind legs are very long, their cox long, cylindrical, while the radius (stigmal vein) in front wings is very short, with the postmarginal vein very long extending to the apex of the wing (Pelecinella). Family LX VII. CLEONYMIDZ. 8. Mesonotum either depressed, with more or less distinct parapsidal furrows, the scapulz longitudinally ridged, or conyex or subconvex, entirely without furrows, rarely convex with distinct furrows ; axillee most frequently meeting at inner basal angles, rarely very widely separated. Family LX VIII. Encyrtip. 9. Mesonotum subeonyex with incomplete or complete parapsidal furrows ; hind coxze rarely much larger than the front coxze ; axilla separated, not meeting at inner basal angles; mesepisternum usually small, wedge-shaped or triangular ; hind wings with a long marginal vein ; mandibles usually stout, 8- or 4-dentate ‘at apex. - 20... ccc sc ee euies sees ce cslee de ceueesics os LAMY: LARK. PIMROMATID AE. 10. Hind’ cox normal’; mesoplenra impressed. 2)... . teres ac oe cles ei ayebe'esnsiele ei cues) sissy niet ete aoe teeta el ree Hind coxe abnormally large and dilated, their femora flat or compressed ; tarsi very long ; mesopleura
entire, not impressed ; marginal vein in front wings most frequently extraordinarily lengthened, the
radius very short, scarcely dilated ; mesouotum without furrows ...... Family LXX. ELAsmipm, 3° —
11. Tarsi 4-5-jointed, rarely heteromerous; anterior wings not short and broad, with the pubescence normal, marginal and radial veins normal; postmarginal vein often wanting ; mesonotum with complete or incomplete furrows ............20. ee ce cece cece ee ee sss Hamily LXXI, EULOPHIDE.
Tarsi 3-jointed ; anterior wings short and broad, broadly rounded at apex with the pubescences most frequently arranged in rows, more rarely normally pubescent ; marginal and radial veins united in the form of a strongly curved lineN.......................Family LXXII. TrRIcHOGRAMMIDA.
12. Pronotum usually large, rounded, or conically produced anteriorly; wings always with a long marginal fringe, nearly veinless and always without a radius (stigmal vein), the marginal vein most frequently reduced to a mere dot; antennz in 9 most frequently terminating in a distinct fusiform or egg-shaped solid club, more rarely with a 2-jointed club; tarsi 4-5-jointed.
Family LX XIII. MyMarip2.,
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Dail
Famity LX. AGAONID. 1846. Agaonid, Family 6 (partim) Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 23. 1856. Agaonoidee, Familie (8. descrip.) Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., p. 29. 1871. Agaonide, Family (partim) Walker, Notes on Chale., Pt. IV., p. 58. 1867. Blastophagidee, Familia, Kirchner, Cat. Hym. Eur., p. 188. 1882. Cynipidee, Sycophagides, Division 1, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 20. 1897. Agaonide, Family LX., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 243.
This family is one of the most striking and remarkable of any in the super- family Chaleidoidea. It is based upon the genus Agaon Dalman, established in 1818, from a specimen taken in Sierra Leone, Africa.
The species composing this family, on account of their habits, curious forms, and the diversity of structure in the sexes, were long a puzzle to the ablest and most astute of the European hymenopterologists, but it is now definitely settled that they form a component of this great complex. Sir Sidney Saunders, as late as 1883, placed them as a division with the family Cynipidx. In my opinion, however, they have little in common with the Cynipoidea, and I concur with Walker, Westwood, and Mayr, in believing them a component of this major group.
Mr. Francis Walker, an Englishman, was the first to give the group family rank ; but, as is the case with most of his families, he never properly defined or character- ized it, and merely lumped together a miscellaneous lot of insects obtained from figs, and called them a family—the Agaonidee. His ideas of the family were extremely vague and indefinite, and he placed in it many forms with which they had no relationship.
In 1871, Walker, in speaking of them said: “The Agaonide appear as yet chiefly in three aspects, and in three different regions. The first region is the Mauritius, where they have been discovered by the researches of Dr. Coquerel. The three species figured are said to be ‘condemned to eternal darkness’ in the central regions of figs. These figs are the fruit of Ficus terragena and are unfit for human food. Dr. Coquerel found the three species (Apocrypta paradoxa, A. perplexa and Sycocrypta caeca) in abundance in the interior of these figs, together with great numbers of a fourth species, which he named Chalcis? explorator and which he believed to be parasitic on the other three species. Dr. Coquerel thought he saw an affinity between them and certain Bethylids, Scleroderma contractor, ete.”
Walker thought they had more connection with certain South American and Australian Thynnide. He says: “ Scleroderma seems to have more affinity with Typhlopone, the worker of Labidus, and with Dichthadia glaberrima, the supposed female of Dorylus; and thereby the multitudinous tribe of ants whose economy is
232 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
so remarkable, emerges from blind and radical Apocrypte and Sycocryptx, the per- petual dwellers in the interior of figs.” “ But the affinity of these two genera to the Chaleidix is more evident and appears by several connecting links in the Agaonide ; and thus the near relation to the general ancestors of the thousands and perhaps tens of thousands of the Chalcidize species, the tribe being considered in unity, are cradled in figs.”
Our knowledge of fig-insects, within the past twenty-five years, has been very greatly augmented by the studies of Prof. John O. Westwood and Sir Sidney Saun- ders, of England, Dr. Gustay Mayr, of Vienna, Austria, Dr. Paul Mayer, of the Naples Station, Italy, and my own studies on some Florida, Mexican and West Indies species, so that to-day sufficient forms are known in both sexes to enable me to segregate, define and place in their proper groups, the miscellaneous insects known as fig-insects.
In this work I have restricted the Agaonidx to the caprifiers, or true fig-insects, chalcid-flies that live in and pollenize, or fructify, fig-trees.
The others, heretofore classified with them, belong elsewhere, in three or four different families, and are either inquilinous or genuine parasites. Some, the vast majority, belong to the Torymidx, while others belong to the Chalcididx, Miscogas- teridx, Pteromalide, ete.
All fig-trees, in a wild state, are dicecious and wherever fig-trees grow, principally in tropical and semi-tropical countries, there also will be found fig-insects, for these microscopic creatures are essential to their pollenization.
Undoubtedly, judging from the great number of fig-trees known to botanists, many genera and hundreds of species still remain unknown to us.
Among the genuine fig-insects, two well-marked subfamilies may be distin- guished, separable by the aid of the following table : }
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES. Abdomen in 9 subcompressed, the ovipositor prominent, the mandibles with an appendage, usually ser- rate ; males apterous, the abdomen long, narrowed towards apex and curving beneath the thorax. Subfamily I. AGAONINZE. Abdomen in 9 subcompressed, the ovipositor prominent, the mandibles without an appendage, the palpi sometimes with an appendage ; otherwise similar to the Agaoninze ; males apterous, the abdomen broad- ened towards apex, narrowed towards the base, and with a tubercle or long filament at each apical
BLO 6. j5iisis. ace ie a.ve's sole eels oon ve se weleusiere 5) ove rm aueja etebavele alaterej ola efate ubanetetetel Retale sera SUED EALIIN Ud URS CONFER Eien EINE
SUBFAMILY I. AGAONINZ.
1883. Cynipidee, Division I., Sycophagides (partim), Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. 20.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 233
The males in this subfamily are easily distinguished from those in the next by the shape of the abdomen, which is always long and tubular, narrowed toward apex and never broadened at apex as in the Sycophaginx. It is also more flexible and is usually curved or bent forward under the thorax.
The females are more difficult to separate and, although with practice one can detect a difference in cephalic characters, almost impossible to define, the only reli- able character to separate them from those in the other subfamily is the mandibular appendage, which is usually finely serrate. In the Sycophagine the mandibles are always without an appendage.
The known genera falling in this group may be easily recognized by the use of
the following table: TABLE OF GENERA.
PPO M ALES ALY aN STW PCC saree nate tsyere etaal nial cto rcla< oerst eter ate Rae peers seed eyes) serine @ubiag sine eiele aimuwaseeicere rier ot Males, always apterous. . Meebatacae Tedewe cic alee alapeiobaicha, sitet cokers msioretellatsne7e Lave tatn cea aten stells’s ele eieite eet wiles sven, LO 2. Antenne with the third or Seen se st wilh Aalst process . at cunboncs ouuaoguscosconnocnon a ANUBIS LE LOU, 2 | OMpaWRUL a CIShIN Cli PLOCOS er sta eie: netstat binis lolesiels/slivialsiele\s sisvels\cisvste als) sinja' a eioiniewsaieys) O)
8. Front wings with the marginal, stigmal and calntasearl veins fully deracnen or at the most with the postmarginal vein absent ..........-.seccccresccersnssreecessneessssceensceecenesecsees cr) PARC OTERO POET e 4 Front wings without marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins. Head oblong, about 1} times as long as wide ; antennz 11-jointed, thickened toward apex Eupristina Saunders (type LZ. masonii § daund):
ASE OstMAL Peale VEINS PLES U wemicte ctctelate cl cies crchercrs’ © aia afelelel's(a) ein rin histaieustal a mtg as elope’s\ nieveiela ai o/s es e.cislej ele) ociet O Posinaarginalll yen a servtiee= cra cin Pee on erore ats eke alote raiere 6, etosi'al a's) oNelsllotas olotetMeta’el vinfuipies) pisie-exslelovhseldiei>). (¢ Daan bentise tl sore o=| OuLGeULen eters tie ctelaloveee Coleone) aiav'afage ix ere, o)s (ale aanteto halal eniietat ofelamenlice tiple ohera,s\ceetaiaieiaahee ni, 10
Antenne 10-jointed, the last five joints enlarged, ......Kradibia Saunders (type K. cowanii Saunders). GavHlead not very our quAdrabeODene Al yi BOs acti. victoire «1 Salads ole’ scieferals lave lele,eiaiaieielelaisinialcidia sfeicisielcin'< 6 Head oblong, or very long, from 2} to 3 times as long as wide, the facial channel narrow ; mandibles at apex bidentate ; antennz 11-jointed.........Pleistodontes Saunders (type P. imperialis Saunders). 7. Head quadrate or nearly, only a little narrower in front than behind; stigmal vein usually a little longer than the marginal ..................Hisenia Ashmead gen. nov. (type FZ. mexicana Ashm.).
8. Seventh abdominal Suanae on each side with a small rounded or at most oval spiracular fovea. Blastophagus Gravenhorst (type Cynips psenes Linné).
Seventh abdominal segment on each side with an elongate, disk-shaped, spiracular fovea.
Ceratosolens Mayr (type C. appendiculatus Mayr). 9. Front wings with the marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins wanting ; head trapezoidal, a little longer than wide ; antennze 11-jointed, not thickened towards apex, the joints smooth ; middle legs very minute or subobsolete. ..............++++++++++ Letrapus Mayr (type 7. americanus Mayr). Front wings with the marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins present; head oblong, 2} times as long as wide; antennz (?) 12-jointed, the scape large, triangularly dilated, the funicle slender, filiform, the club abruptly enlarged, 3-jointed ; mandibles 3-dentate ; thorax bidentate at each side.
Agaon Dalman (type A. paradoxum Dalm.). 10. Head anteriorly with a large, deep, triangular fovea.
Basal pach Or enbennss EnOlOned dN CANBY cori leicieae leila c/cm Me's wb rise cues ver eyte cele cinne LL Basal part of antenns not enclosed in a canal. .... 2. cece scan tcc eee seccencesesecee LB
234. MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
11. Front tarsi 2-jointed, the front and hind femora stout and more or less compressed ; eyes very small or wanting... wa NDR hr eTe aire A Con oe rer ea REN Yan en oe . Ceratosolens Mayr. 12. Front tarsi 2- to jointed, not reposing in a sulcus at ths tip of the front tibiee . entail alefortaststaleinciae cute, Front tarsi 1-jointed, reposing in a sulcus at the tip of the front tibize ; claws small, almost straight, ‘Legs four, the middle pair aborted ; antennz 3-jointed, compressed ; head and thorax subquadrate. Tetrapus Mayr. 13. The usually large antennal fovea terminates posteriorly in a narrow or broad longitudinal slit ; if it does not, then the transverse oval antennal fovea does not extend to the middle of the head ..... 14 14. Body somewhat narrow ; antennz 3- to 6-jointed. Brontitarsi:2or3-jombed 2 7s etn cate eee ene site Rohe ee oo ee oir as TEBE Ae LR STEEL Front tarsi 5-jointed. Thorax in outline trapezoidal ; antenn 6-jointed, with 3 ring-joints. Pleistodontes Saunders. Thorax not so shaped, either bell-shaped or ellipsoidal, antenne 3- to 6-jointed...... 15 15. Thorax not oblong, in outline either ellipsoidal or bell-shaped ; antennz 8- to 6-jointed. Thorax ellipsoidal, slightly contracted at the sides before the middle; antennz 6-jointed, with with one ring-joint and a 2-jointed club ............................. Kradibia Saunders. Thorax bell-shaped; antenne 3- or 4-jointed, with one ring-joint. .......Eupristina Saunders. 16. Head about twice as long as wide ; front tarsi 2-jointed ; antennze 6-jointed.......Ceratosolens Mayr. Head not or scarcely longer than wide, at the most not more than one and one half times as long as wide ; front tarsi 3-jointed ; antennz 3-jointed. Head a little wider than long ; tarsi of hind legs very long, more than twice longer than their
tibize . BOD So OnT Oo hat Hp EBA na dot Node Acie Br .. Blastophaga Grayenhorst. Head oe a little longer than wide, never wider than ee tarsi of hind legs short, not or only a little longer than tibie ...............................Bisenia Ashmead, gen. nov.
SupraMity IJ. SycopHacin»®. 1883. Cynipide, Division II., Aploastomata, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1883, p. 20.
This group was first correctly separated by Sir Sidney Saunders, who designated it as Division II., Aploastomata, in the family Cynipidx. It has, however, nothing to do with the Cynipide, but forms a natural group of the genuine fig-insects. At present no species is known outside of the Asiatic and African faunee.
The females belonging to the group are distinguished from those in the previous subfamily principally by the absence of mandibular appendages. The head, how- ever, is also somewhat differently shaped, being flatter, with a broader frontal sul- cus and no hook-like tubercle on the middle of the occiput, while the abdomen is more depressed and the ventral valve is not prominent.
The males are more easily recognized, being quite different from those in the Agaonine and the wingless males in the Torymide. The head is very long and narrow, while the abdomen is long, sessile, and gradually broadened towards apex, each lateral apical angle being furnished with a tubercle, or a long, thread-like organ.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 235
The genus Platyscapa Motschulsky I do not know, but, judging from Mot-
schulsky’s description, it seems to be one of these insects, and I have included it in
my table with the hope that it may be rediscovered, and its proper position in our system definitely settled.
U6
TABLE OF GENERA.
JREYTSITE YS CAs Beco PORCnO Ch EO ean Bct0 dd HOnPIRe nd Ob Cho TCMecisins 5 OUTRO AAA CEC GORI aR Ona ey err aa’ IS Foye aie roe ote ec ctedteye er cncs Slave cE evey Stare i etet areas telatate wis ng) Se avaeya Baler ahem tee aa Seu maae slater eiele oy Postmarginal vein obsolete or nearly ; maxillary palpi with rows of teeth along the under side .... 3
Postmarginal vein well developed, longer than the stigmal vein ; maxillary palpi without rows of teeth beneath. Antenne 13-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, of which the second is rather large; hind tibize with rows of comb-like teeth at apex ; stigmal vein not short..............Sycophaga Westwood (type Cynips sycomori Hasselquist). Antenne 9-jointed (tesfe Motschulsky) ; hind tibize normal ; stigmal vein short.
Platyscapa Motschulsky (type P. frontalis Motsch.).
. Antennie 11-jointed ; hind tibize without rows of teeth at apex................... Crossogaster Mayr
(type C. triformis Mayr).
PE PANS LOL OILS ery aay, eters cert ametes Actaris ee ane evar tharos aie je Phas ea Pela le esata MRL ae ook nice Meittea >
Winged. Postmarginal vein subobsolete ; head with a large, deep triangular fovea anteriorly that extends
posteriorly to the middle of the head; antennze 11-jointed ............Crossogaster Mayr. Head oblong, without a deep triangular fovea anteriorly ; antennee 3-jointed...................... 6
Head nearly quadrate, a little wider than long, with a deep, triangular fovea anteriorly.
Antenne 8-jointed, the scape thick, depressed ; body broad............... Crossogaster Mayr.
. Seape of antennz about as broad as long; mandibles broad, 3-jointed ; tarsal joints 2-4 wider than
long ; abdomen terminating in two long filaments, one on each apical angle...Sycophaga Westwood. Scape of antennze long, subclavate, more than twice longer than thick; mandibles conical, without teeth ; tarsal joints 2-4, not wider than long; abdomen not terminating in two long filaments.
Apocrypta Coquerel (type A. perplexa Coquerel).
Faminry LXI. TORYMIDZ.
1833. Torymide, Family II. (partim) Walker, Ent. Mag., I., p. 116.
1846. Torymide, Family I., Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 14.
1848. Torymidee, Family I., Walker, opus. cit., II., p. 100.
1856. Torymoide, Familie XI., Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 28 and 43.
1875. Torymina, Tribus (partim) Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11 and 59. 1886. Toryminze, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
1897. Torymid, Family XLI., Ashmead, Proce. Ent. Soc. Washington, LV., p. 243.
This is a very large and most interesting family, approaching nearest, on one
side, to the genuine fig-insects (Agaonidee); on the other side exhibiting affinities that ally it to the Chalcididx, and some forms in the Miscogasteride and the Ptero-
malide.
236 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Many of the genera, especially in my subfamily Jdarninx, were included by Walker, Westwood and Mayr, among the Agaonidex, a position not tenable. The genus Podagrion Spinola, too, on account of the swollen and dentate hind femora was placed by Mayr, Howard and others with the Chalcidide. The swollen and dentate hind femora, although of great taxonomic importance, in themselves should not alone be depended upon to place genera and species. Many genera and species are now known with such femora that unquestionably belong to other families. In the family Cleonymide there is a whole subfamily with such hind femora and it would be absurd and most unnatural to classify it with the Chalcidide on that ae- count alone.
In establishing families many characters must be carefully considered, weighed and analyzed, and we should not be led astray by superficial resemblances or by characters common to many groups.
Six fairly well defined subfamilies have been recognized.
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.
1. Mesothoracic furrows not well defined, the seapulze therefore scarcely or indistinctly separated ; abdo-
men in $ conically pointed, the ovipositor not exserted. ......0..0.0ccc cece cers cece cccscssers O
Mesothoracic furrows distinctly defined, the scapule therefore well separated; ovipositor always
prominently exserted wmostdrequently very lOUP- tm mtlcler aa ie relsieliotehe centers erate ote ieee 2a) Hind tabise swith! onl y;(one apical Spurs, .svasrsrejerss15a1e sys.e='<isielepsierelciotete eo oreiaie ohare emis terete een a
Hind tibize with two apical spurs. Posterior margin of the mesepisternum incised beyond the middle ; metepimeron curved, dilated above the apex ; posterior femora simple, neither armed with a tooth nor serrate.............. 3 Posterior margin of the mesepisternum entire; posterior femora rarely simple, more or less swollen, serrate or armed with one or two teeth beneath, sometimes much swollen and armed
with several téeth beneath: \s,4)..4 «a sae salaried cove eseisieveclabier.c ease oe AERO REECE EE
3. Stigmal vein always long ; abdomen usually more or less depressed ; if subcompressed the hypopygium is large and prominent ; males frequently apterous, the head usually oblong, with a triangular fovea anteriorly in which lie the antennz ; abdomen short, never tubularly lengthened.
Subfamily I. IpDARNINZA.
Stigmal vein very short, the knob of same being sessile or subsessile ; abdomen usually subcompressed, the hypopygium not prominent; males most frequently winged ; if apterous, the head not oblong and without a triangular fovea anteriorly,......... . Subfamily II. ToRyMIn 2.
4. Hind femora not much swollen, as long as their tibie, beneath feebly serrate or armed with one or two teeth beyond the middle towards apex, their tibixe straight ; hey em tanotum’ BORON asiniie with a median
carina, coarsely rugulose or punctate ; stigmal vein not long, but still longer than in the Torymine, oblique and clavate ........,.....-. ee ee ee cece ee ceeeee sss SUbfamily III. MonoDONTOMERINA.
Hind femora much swollen and armed with from four to eight teeth, their tibie arcuate ; metanotum
with a A-shaped carina ; stigmal vein short, the knob subsessile, similar to the Torymine. Subfamily TV. PODAGRIONIN&.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES DepaTl
5. Stigmal vein in front wings terminating in a large rounded or dilated knob or stigma, the basal nervure distinct, straight... ................00ceceeccceececese es SUbfamily V. MEGASTIGMINZE. 6. Abdomen in 2 conic-oyate or produced at apex, in % oblong, usually with a peculiar sculpture in both sexes, the middle segments most frequently with transverse rows of pits or rounded punctures ; BUPIBAL VEIN VEN, NOTE sis acess ox seo es os os cane sdecvcveTsesseeo subfamily VI. ORMYRINZ.
SuBFAMILY I. I[paRNINz. 1846. Agaonide, Family 6 (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 23. 1897. Idarninz, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 235.
All of the species composing this subfamily are found associated with the genuine fig-insects ; they are either inquilinous or genuine parasites, as is the case in the Cynipide and the Eurytomidx, and in at least another group in the Torymide, 7. e., the Megastigmine.
The group comes nearest to the subfamily Toryminex, agreeing with it closely in cephalic and thoracic characters, and in having two apical spurs on the hind tibiz ; but here the resemblance ceases, and it is easily separated by the difference in vena- tion, shape of abdomen, ete.
The males are most frequently apterous, the head being long or oblong, with a triangular fovea anteriorly in which lie the antennz, a character also found in the Agaonide ; but the abdomen is short and never tubularly lengthened nor broadened at the apex, as in that family.
The females agree somewhat with the Agaonidz in venation, but differ decidedly in cephalic, mandibular, and abdominal characters, the abdomen being either de- pressed, without a prominent ventral valve, or subcompressed with a prominent ventral valve, with a long ovipositor. From the Toryminz they are at once distin- guished by the Jong stigmal vein and the different shape of the abdomen.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Spr erR UR OR etote suet ast aera eit ore coos AeA A GTa easter a vel: p arielieleie ote oa pia isle imc’ wel staid ataiolatslavwarciipirele selene oc.ere of ELS ae oo Pee ements ae Set d Chat: Shas ic ces es, sates wean a elem STE ol oel ete eLAP IS Hiviaiels) ox ve LO 2. Abdomen normal, the last two segments not tubular. Site HSE ECAP cnn ence aetna w Gntela) ie
Abdomen abnormal, the last two segments very narrow Se pained into a kind of Gist or tail, the MIPORILGL VEL UCIOMMEE, 5 cru cs aia) on eleta clsfoisiats casi Ciavse-cisievnlsiols's /Saiawieais as Sim ueiwerdaass cadena ss PANELING LIS] OLN LORE ess tea IN ie Creieie wie-t ie isu fleas, aidiniais e.g ev ws siviais'e Vee Mateo caress savccs Antenne 13-jointed, with three ring-joints ; mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows.
Seventh abdominal segment very long, longer than the preceding segments united ; scape of antenne scarcely thrice the length of the pedicel.....................Philotrypesis Férster. (type Cynips carice Hasselq.). Seventh abdominal segment hardly as long as the preceding segments united ; scape of antennz long, about four times as long as the pedicel Sycoscaptella Westw. (type S. afinis Westw.).
4, Prothorax long, conical ; metathorax long ; legs short and stout, the front femora incrassated. Polanisa Walker (type Jdarnes transiens Walk.).
238 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
5. Scutellum nof flat, usually convex or at least subconvyex, and usually, but not always, without longitudinal
=I
10.
La:
12.
13.
14,
15.
srooved: lines se sa ests wee a aaiies sei wok elas me Sages fone iseieie =e pens Sein eta Reese tearm Seutellum flat and broad, quadrate, with two longitudinal grooved lines.
Metallic ; flagellum filiform, the joints of the funicle at least twice as long as thick ; ocelli ob-
tusely triangularly arranged ................-.....Idarnes Walker (type I. carme Walker).
Non-metallic ; flagellum subclayvate, the joints of the flagellum not or scarcely longer than
thick ; ocelli arranged nearly in astraight line..................Koebelea Ashmead, g. nov.
(type K. australiensis Ashm.).
. Ovipositor shorter than the body and sometimes not at all prominent...................2020-2-. U1
Ovipositor longer than the body ; funicle of antennee 5-jointed...................2020e2e0eeeees 7 Abdomen with the ventral segments normal, not widened downwards ..............---++.++---- 8 Abdomen with the ventral segments widened downwards.
Hypopygium very prominent, plowshare shaped ; antennze 12-jointed, with 2 ring-joints.
Goniogaster Mayr (type G. variicornis Mayr).
. Mesothoracie furrowsidistinet, complete:s s. c/-1.<.-verc ean eee eee oe aise elects eee ciel seeieds eee ee
Mesothoracie furrows not distinct, wanting posteriorly. Antenne 11-jointed, with one ring-joint inserted much nearer to the front margin of the head than to the middle ; stigmal vein long, nearly three fourths the length of the marginal. Sycoryctes Mayr (type S. patellaris Mayr). ‘Antennz:12-jointedor less:t..-2.4:. 62-0308 chi cec vs sm leel Seley ot aise ee aate bs FIO eles everslal OP telco ete MELO! Antenne 18-jointed, with three ring-joints inserted at an equal distance between the middle and the front margin of the head ; stigmal vein less than one third the length of the marginal. Trichaulus Mayr (type T. versicolor Mayr). Antenne 12-jointed with one ring-joint ; stigmal vein about half the length of the marginal. Apocryptophagus Ashmead, g. noy. (type Chalcis ? explorator Coquerel). Antenn 9-jointed (teste Motschulsky) ; abdomen elliptic, much depressed, the ovipositor twice the
Nene tihyon Lem DOG asec at ele cienstelsiemteteldeie/=nteiele Platyneura Motschulsky (type P. testacea Motsch.). Postmarginal vein distinct, always present ..-.......-.+e-esees seen ee ee eens Pema oa Cooma suctens toce 12 Postmarginal vein wanting or never well developed .-...2...2...00....- 620. see ceenecwneeensce: 14 (Ohshalosmtoe sil tlie oa eco nose qsoo nou caceodaens ds pone snc onbAcaosoconcoaasc boson sage onosaecacesones 15
Ovipositor always’ prominent, OT :exXSELved wiete ape at ei tecslere)ctoleselolorete) oie = n/oteln!ol state el otntoyn ef eyalmter=ialerelaaletieted eta tets 13 Antenne 12-jointed with two ring-joints, the funicle 5-jointed, inserted near the clypeus, the joints of ~ the flagellum fluted ; body metallic ; ovipositor about as long as the thorax and abdomen united or a little longer, and thickened towards apex. Colyostichus Mayr (type 2 C. longicaudis Mayr, 3 Heteradrium longipes Mayr). Antenne 11-jointed with one ring-joint, the funicle 5-jointed, the club 3-jointed, the joints of the funicle hardly longer than thick ; ovipositor scarcely as long as the abdomen, gradually thick- ened towards apex. Heterandrium Mayr (type o H. biannulatum Mayr, 2 Colyostichus brevicaudis Mayr). Scutellum with two longitudinal grooved lines, the axillee widely separated ; ovipositor a little shorter than the abdomen. ....................+++.-.,..-sycophila Walker (type S. decalomoides Walk.). Scutellum without grooved lines, the axille nearly uniting at base of scutellum ; ovipositor only slightly projecting..........................Froggattia Ashmead, g. noy. (type F. polita Ashm.). Mesothoracic furrows indistinct, never complete ; antennie 9-jointed.
Micranisa Walker (type Idarnes pteromaloides Walk.).
16.
Wie
18.
19.
20.
21
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 239
Tie ye Ge sere 8 Mee Aen Nine toe Pert E DGC Sn Ce CADE ESCO SOCIO Ra area tt cine SIRO ATTA TCT GEL tte eee Pete MR OR Ne cuca Poets Sree arenitie aie alaraaiia 8 aya sisiaeie Sere Rnmis olsen cou AGRE Gn nha G Fence ha hy She bac cins BRAG te OoldSaS RAGS SAC REL On erpSrMapdubnmar coupocoomc i) VANTEC Soe ES er en ce PS COP ee ER cae Cee SN er EAE Antenne inserted on the anterior margin of the head or far below its middle; clypeus not extending
to the middle of the inner margin of eyes. .. 2. 2... 6. ce ee cee ee cee eee ce tee ee cect esacene 19 ATILeD Na Inserted ouiiho; Midd lelon the (ACE Wea) aa a ee) alo)o4/ smn iqiccs neinie clei cig v yaeersiw aie sisisjsiselg =n OU Head anteriorly with a large, deep, triangular fovea from which originate the antenne........... 20 Head anteriorly without such a fovea; wings entirely absent, not represented by filaments. ...... 25 Wings represented by two pairs of thread-like filaments. .......... 000202 eee cece ee ee eee eeeeee QL Wings represented by one pair of thread-like filaments or by bristles. ............0002ee eee ee ees 22
Head oblong, not or scarcely wider than the thorax, the eyes minute ; antennze separated by a sharp carina ; hind tarsi with the first joint dilated.............................Philotrypesis Forster.
Head large, oblong, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the hind margin sinuate, the hind angles rounded, setose; antennz 8-or 9-jointed with 1 ring-joint, the scape large, clavate ; mandibles large, porrect, curved, acute and entire at apex, but within, 3-dentate.
Tetranemopteryx Ashmead, g. noy. (type Sycoscapter 4-setosa Westw.).
22, Head oblong, the hind angles rounded, not acute. ........--.-c0scce cece ce cess secs necsensee LO Head oblong-quadrate, the hind angles acutely produced, not rounded ..............++++++++++ 24 23. Head large, oblong, broader than the thorax; antenn 10-jointed, with 1 ring-joint inserted close
24,
25.
26.
27.
together near the front margin of the head; mandibles porrect, stout and curved, the tips acute, entire, the inner margin with a tooth behind the middle.................. Syeoscapter Westwood (type S. insignis Westw.). Head oblong-quadrate, sinuate posteriorly ; antennz 8- or 9-jointed, without a ring-joint, inserted close together near the mouth; mandibles porrect, faleate, the tips bidentate, the inner margin with a tooth near the base.............. Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, g. noy. (type Sycoscapter monilifer). Head oblong, the sides anteriorly nearly straight, the front angles rounded, the hind angles acutely produced ; antenn:e 8-jointed (or 9-jointed with 1-ring-joint), inserted close together near the mouth ; mandibles small, faleate, entire; wings represented by short filaments. Sycoscapterella Ashmead, g. noy. (type Sycoscapter anguliceps Westw.). Antenne shorter, at the most 9-jointed, the joints closely united, inserted further from each other than to the sides of the head, most frequently with only 4 or 5 free joints .......... 0.0.0. ee eee ee 26 Antenne longer, 10- or 11-jointed, with only the last three joints closely united, inserted near or not far away from the mouth border. .. 2.2.2... 02s cee cee ce cece eee c nce ce tens cert esse te scess 27 Head between the clypeus and the sides concaye ; mandibles bidentate ; labium and palpi wanting, in place is a membranous tube ; antennze composed of 4 free joints, of which the third is small, annular, transparent and membranous, .......... 0.00 ee cece ee ee te ee teen eee _Idarnes Walker. Head between the clypeus and side flat ; mandibles 3- or 4-dentate ; labium and labial palpi present, the palpi 1-jointed ; tibise short, closely and thickly spinous ; antennse with 4 or 5 free joints. Head depressed, wider than long, but not perfectly flat, more or less triangular, the angles TOCHIGI ps Nee oe ANE lator ene MO ee Sea, te aise raion ep PEACH AULUS Mayr. Head perfectly flat, longer than wide, trapezoidal; mandibles broad, 4-dentate within ; antennz 5-jointed, the scape flat, dilated towards apex. .............++ .Koebelea Ashmead. Head more or less depressed ; tarsi 5-jointed, the basal joint of hind tarsi often much compressed and
with very long bristles.
240 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
28.
30.
31.
33.
34.
35
36.
37.
Hind tarsi much longer than their tibiz, the basal joint long ...................00e00---- 28
Hind tarsi not longer than their tibie, the basal joint short. ...............0200000e00e-- 29
First joint of flagellum smaller than the second; mandibles bidentate; hind tibize with several very long bristles, the first joint two thirds the length of the tibia..................Colyostichus Mayr. First joint of flagellum much longer than the second ; mandibles unidentate at apex ; hind tibise with- out long ‘bristles ...5.5.)/ho.cdiaeaaa menses elon le oe ein Sine ed wee OC Se Re ES VC OLY CHCSBN eniri
. First joint of the flagellum only a little longer than the second and not much longer than thick ; man,
dibles very long, strong and toothed within ; hind tibiee with short stiff bristles ; all joints of tarsi slender ; pronotum yery large, quadrate, larger than the meso- and metanotum united.
Goniogaster Mayr.
Head large, sinuate anteriorly and posteriorly, and also with the lateral margins posteriorly incised so
as to form a tooth just before the hind angles ; wings represented by a pair of thread-like filaments ;
antennz 10-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, inserted widely apart or laterly close to the eyes, the scape
very large, dilated, quadrate above, rounded basally, and beneath at base deeply incised ; mandibles robust, triangular, curyed, the tips bifid, within towards base produced and tridentate.
Sycobiella Westwood (type S. sawndersii Westw.).
Head large, transyerse ellipsoidal, sinuate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, the hind angles rounded ;
wings entirely wanting; antenne 9-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, inserted on the middle of the face.
much nearer together than to the inner margin of the eyes, the scape very large, dilated, clavate ;
mandibles long, porrect, the tips bidentate, dilated towards base, the dilation being tridentate. Walkerella Westwood (type W. timeraria Westw.). Tarsi 4-jointed ; wings represented by thread-like filaments .............. 00 00eeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 82
Tarai 3-jointed 5; wings wanting sy.) 52 -c.s/siecis: nelomeln soune ne olcido aehapine eee ease ee ESS
} - Head oblong-quadrate, emarginate or sinuate anteriorly and posteriorly ; ocelli absent ; antennze 8- or
9-jointed, without a ring-joint, inserted far above the middle of the face, the scape large, dilated,
clavate ; mandibles large, porrect, nearly as long as the head, curved, the tips bifid, the inner margin armed with a tooth near the middle or sometimes truncate.
Otetesella Westwood (type O. digitata Westw.).
Antenne 9- to 11-jointed (the club sometimes 83 joints), with one ring-joint, shorter than the head and
inserted close together near the mouth, the scape large, depressed, subclayate; mandibles small,
acute, slightly curved, without teeth within. ....... Sycoscaptella Westwood (type S. affinis Westw.).
Postmarginal vein distinct, well developed. .6... 0.6.0 c2scnscse0celsn cess eu sees wuuueeeeuties ne eelse Postmarginal vein wanting or but slightly developed. ............0c0eeccececeeeeeeecececeeeses 89 Second joint of the funicle not shorter than the first............02ecceecccceccceccecvecccsscee 86
Second joint of the funicle very short, annular, much shorter than the first. Antenn 12-jointed, with 2 ring-joints ; pronotum long.................Colyostichus Mayr. Antennz 11-12-jointed, with 1 or 2 ring-joints, inserted much nearer to the mouth than to the middle of the head, ‘the funicle"b-jointed) ..2 j.sausoge oe so scneak ae eeiece ene hoe ee eT Antenne 13-jointed, inserted below the middle of the head, the furrows in the joints of the flagellum not ending invlittle: teethis:... seuccseutecacosoas ae oan canar emanate EEE eno Postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal ; mandibles not long, faleate, 2- or 3-dentate ; antenns 11- 12-jointed, the club not much thicker than the funicle; pronotum subquadrate, a little wider at the middle than before or behind ; scutellum large, subconvex, the parapsidal furrows very fine, but GISHINCE 0 5455 0:5 4.5 e:0 se sivibis ain eniajoisls ial cyela «01 einige lew e eielon aieine Seetene eee eRe EA RELY OS DAC EULSIN Lern te
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 241
Postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal ; mandibles very long, faleate, bidentate at apex ; antennze
11-jointed ; pronotum very long, rounded in front ; scutellum the .
parapsidal furrows distinct...........................Sycobia Walker (type S. bethyloides Walk.). 38. Stigmal vein rather short, less than one third the length of the marginal; antennz 13-jointed, with 2
ring-joints and a 6-jointed funicle. ...... 0.2... eee cee ee ese cece se vececeeess setichaulus Mayr.
39. Antenne 13-jointed, with 2 ring-joints ; mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows. Pronotum quadrate, a little narrower than the mesonotum ; scutellum with fwo grooved lines ;
abdomen oval, subdepressed, much shorter than the thorax, briefly petiolate, and terminating
in an exserted penal sheath. .............. 00 ce cceceeceeeeseecesss Sycophila Westwood. Pronotum large, rounded anteriorly : scutellum without grooved lines; abdomen compressed, shorter|thanvthe thorax: <4. -5 pees cecdeacaenss co cv ccs cc se doonss ss KrORZatuia Ashmead
SuspraMity II. Torymin«. 1840. Pteromalides, Subfamily (partim) Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., IL., Synop., p. 67.
1846. Torymide, Family 4 (partim) Walker, List. Chalcid. Brit. Museum, I., p. 14. 1871. Torymides, Subtribus ( partim) Thomson, Hym. Skand., 1V., pp. 59, 64. 1899. Torymine, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247.
The vast majority of the species falling in this group are parasitic on gall-inhab- iting insects, belonging to the orders Hymenoptera and Diptera, although others are recorded as having been bred from Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, ete., and from the nests of bees and wasps.
I think it quite likely these latter records are erroneous, and that the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, ete., had dipterous parasites from which the torymines came.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Ths, TES 0 SO ea ie OD ee ict aa ee AR Br aL ASR En eR ICT en er one: oe OOO ICE ATC er ger WHEE hs Reig Fae A aaa Amo BOR eb See Gee Stonnb Cacia n TEE OO CEICU In On OO OSE gty een eeioaa eft 2 Ate ne La OMied, Mino Only sone LTIDP=JOUNG, Heres eoleie eles cislsi pul,» Aah icles! olniaiol= A= suaaaiernsl« 6,0, seals ie? Autennz 13-jointed, with two ring-joints...............Lochites Forster (type L. papaveris Forster). S- Mcutellum wits we Cross-furro wy Delore APOX 0. sas aciss cctsgcle cide hte cis sve bans spas welnisoeellen te
Scutellum with a cross-furrow before apex. Abdomen with second dorsal segment incised medially at apex. Syntomaspis Forster (type Torymus cyaneus Boheman). 4. First joint of flagellum not abruptly narrower than the following; clypeus at apex truncate....... 5 First joint of flagellum abruptly narrower than the following; clypeus at apex subproduced. Lioterphus Thomson (type Torymus pallidicornis Boheman). 5. Thorax not especially long, the pronotum not conically elongate.......... 0.2.0. ee cece ee ee ee ee ee 6 Thorax long, the pronotum much developed, conically elongate. Abdomen with a distinct petiole, the body much compressed, shorter than the thorax, the ovipositor very long....................Bedamua Walker (type EF. macrolelus Walker). 6. Mandibles 3-dentate ; head not triangular; costal cell wide................ ce se cece ce ccceeessee U Mandibles 2-dentate ; head subtriangular, as viewed from in front ; costal cell narrow.
Callimomus Thomson (type C. scaposus Thomson)
242 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
7. Prothorax not especially short ; metathorax declivous, not largely punctate. Torymus Dalman (type Ichneumon bedequaris Linné). Prothorax short, the metathorax abruptly declining, largely punctate ; antennz subclavate, the club
lanceolate. .........2.2.2cececececececececeeese Lorymoides Walker (type T. amabilis Walker).
8, Antenne 13-jointed: ‘with only one ring=jOunte ooo ce lho wim) roel rele tel atal= ore alei estate eteteted etl stateralle Aut Antenne 13-jointed, with two ring-joints. ..........+.-00+e0esseceeeeesesss-.-...LoOchites Forster. —
9; Scutellum: withouta\ cross-furrow. Deforetapexec. rs ects ac ctseiae cickeria che okeua ietetouet tie et etenere re entero
Scutellum with-a'cross-furrow before apex... oc.< cies «ene sicieis ejctocso'wise/s\e ones) sls) aie Syntomaspis Forster.
LO: Wan diblesi3-dentate si costal cell wider... sco serae: ee eerie ele tee mente aor) alee eee
Mandibles 2-dentate ; costal cell narrow..........2.+-++++++eee+++++++--+.-Callimomus Thomson.
liz (Clypeus anteriorly normal./nobproduced..... .2 -cis ccs oc see ceeeies se oa one eas ein eee
Clypeus anteriorly subproduced medially. ................00++++++++++---+-. Lioterphus Thomson.
12. Thorax normal, the pronotum not especially Saas aalonpbdoonen dood 0e.do.soyona sco Gob agdON' 13
Thorax long, the pronotum elongate, conical. ............0.0-e0e00ee+++- +--+ BCdamua Walker.
13. Pronotum not especially short, the metathorax not largely punctate............... Torymus Dalman.
Pronotum short, the metathorax abruptly declivous, largely punctate...... Torymdéides Walker.
Suspraminty II]. MonoponTroMERIn®.
1875. Torymides, Subtribus (partim) Thomson, Skand. Hym., IV., p. 59. 1899. Monodontomerine, Subfamily ITI., Ashm .Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p. 247.
In this group the hind femora are more swollen than in the previous groups, while the lower edge is serrate or armed with one or two teeth, thus showing an approach to the Podagrionine, and through that subfamily to the Leucospidine and the Chalcidine.
Some of the species are parasitic upon hymenopterous and dipterous gall-mak- ing insects; others, belonging to the genera Physothorax and Plesiostigma, have been bred from fig-insects, while species belonging to the genera Diamorus and Monodon- tomerus are bred commonly from the nests of bees and wasps, and they are said to be parasites of these insects. In a single case, at least, I have positive evidence that
Monodontomerus was bred from the puparium of a tachinid-fly found in the nest
with the bee. TABLE OF GENERA.
i; Females; ovipositor prominently/exsented! {2m e-- sseenien occ es eee ieee pee eee eee Males. «:cene dave joig (orotate tbe etayonet tetorars ei csate ev ata fate le a veiske cteete eietevoleieneteterere ete 2 Hind femora beneath very finely denticulate and usually also with a single large tooth, rarely with 2 Hind femora beneath smooth, with 1 or 2 large teeth, some distance from the apex ............... 3 8. Seutellum wth across furrow beforejthe apex ere jac creo -poese 14 ornistatstatai= ale atchelistels le rey ioletsy tae enero
Scutellum without a cross furrow before the apex. Abdomen short, not longer than the head and thorax united ; stigmal vein very short. Holaspis Mayr (type Torymus militaris Boheman). Abdomen elongate. much longer than the head and thorax united; stigmal vein not short,
OD]IQUE.....0505 acccy cioneiee sewed ceeomeadewcsce se ceo, Wepsterellus Ashmead (typermien):
10.
il.
12.
. Abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment (or its flap) incised at the middle .........5
ASHMBAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 243
Abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment straight, not incised. Monodontomerus Westwood (type M. obscurus Westw.).
. Funicle with 6 joints ; head smooth or at most with sparse punctures 6.0... cece cee cece eee ee ee eee 6
Funicle with 7 joints ; head and thorax with large, thimble-like punctures. Hind femora with a single tooth beneath towards apex....................Diamorus Walker (type Torymus armatus Boheman). Hind femora with two teeth beneath toward apex........................ Physothorax Mayr
(type Diamorus variabilis Mayr 9, Physothorax disciger Mayr ©).
. Thorax delicately shagreened ; hind femora with a single indistinct tooth beneath towards apex.
Plesiostigma Mayr (type P. bicolor Mayr).
. Eyes bare ; abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment incised ; hind femora usually ser
rateon with oné or two teeth beneath towards apex... .. nc. cance css cscs scssesdeasscsecdenes SO Eyes hairy ; abdomen with the hind margin of the first dorsal segment straight, not incised ; hind femora sometimes without a tooth ............ Oligosthenus Forster (type Ichneumon stigma Fabr... Front femora much swollen, the pronotum longer than the mesonotum ; antennze with fwo ring-joints. Plesiostigmodes Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. brasiliensis Ashm.).
Front femora normal, the pronotum shorter than the mesonotum ; antenn with one ring-joint. Hind femora serrate and usually with one tooth beneath ; stigmal vein short but distinct, the knob always petiolate ; thorax without thimble-like punctures...... Cryptopristus Forster (type Torymus caliginosus Walk.). Hind femora feebly serrate beneath without a tooth ; stigmal knob sessile, the stigmal vein not developed ; thorax with small, thimble-like punctures.......Hemitorymus Ashmead, g. nov. (type H. thoracicus Ashm.).
ATperous Grewith ca dimentary, Winps) ie cetectesceies/ se cele seia~ elein ce eter oi stetelonceohele vis eis) eleteieseia)- = ko Winged.
Hind femora beneath towards apex finely serrate and usually also with one or two teeth.... 18
Hind femora beneath smooth with one large tooth some distance from the apex........... 10
Sontellumeiiouty as ChOSS-fULTO WA DELOLG IAPEKe7.torccais ove mt a cloves? cate feist clarsiarelelsveraat ete aersioitiere creiie ofeiet ek
Scitel ne aniii ar CRORS-fULEOW) | PELOX GLa POX ict < ore eve nyetereve cuaie iors aie oe laleravelerare civ e siere leven sreisteleietaie soy es
Stigmal vein very short; abdomen concave above. ............0.00000eeeee0++++...Holaspis Mayr.
_ Stigmal vein not short, oblique ; abdomen not concaye aboye.............-.. Websterellus Ashmead.
Hind margin of the first dorsal segment incised at the middle... 1.0.0... 0.000 cece eee eee ees 18
14,
Hind margin of the first dorsal segment straight, not incised at the middle. Monodontomerus Westwood. Head smooth, or at the most with sparse punctures ; funicle 6-jointéd............ 0.00 cece ee ee ee A Head and thorax with rather large, thimble-like punctures. Hind femora with a single large tooth; stigmal vein not short, the knob moderately large ; hind tarsi very long, the first joint long. .......... 2... cece ee ee ee ee ee tence Diamorus Walker. Hind femora with two rather small teeth (normal form) ; stigmal vein very short, the knob very small; hind tarsi not especially long, the first joint not longer than 2 and 3 united. Physothorax Mayr. Eyes bare; hind margin of first abdominal segment usually incised medially................... 10 Byes hairy ; hind margin of the first abdominal segment straight, not incised; hind femora usually RVR OUR aiOO Ue ene ets mes Sales owe iedrcle Ne cle sleiase snc sence os Ollgosthonus Porster.
244 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
15. Front femora much swollen, the hind femora finely serrate beneath ; antennze with 2 ring-joints. Plesiostigmodes Ashmead, g. nov. (type P. brasiliensis Ashm.).
Front femora normal, the hind femora finely serrate beneath and often with a tooth ; antennze with 1
ring-joint. Stigmal vein distinct, its knob always petioled........................Cryptopristus Forster. Stigmal vein very short, its knob sessile. ..........................Hemitorymus Ashmead.
16. Antenne inserted close together. Antenne 2-jointed, the second clavate (dimorphic form)....Plesiostigma Mayr, Nannocerus Mayr. Antennee 4- to 7-jointed ; thorax not depressed ; hind femora with 2 teeth beneath towards apex ;
hind tibize with spines only at base of tarsi (dimorphic form)...........Physothorax Mayr.
SusraMILy IV. PopacrIionin#.
This group in having the hind femora greatly swollen and dentate beneath, with the hind tibize curved, resembles the Chalcididx, but otherwise, in the structure of head, side pieces of the thorax, coxee, and in venation, it is a genuine Torymid, and I have here removed it from the Chalcididx, where late authorities have placed it, to a place in this family.
The genus Podagrion is parasitic in the egg-cases of the orthopterous family
Mantide. TABLE OF GENERA.
Stigmal vein not so short, the knob petiolate ; tarsal joints 2-5 very short, transverse, the first joint long; hind femora armed with 4 teeth................... Pachytomus Westwood (type P. klugianus Westw.). Stigmal vein very short, the knob subsessile ; tarsal joints 2-5 not short ; hind femora armed with from 6 to 8 teeth... . 2.2. eee cc ce cee eee cece ce seresece oe sk Odagrion Spinola (type P..aplendens Spinola).
SupraMity V. MEGASTIGMINA. 1875. Megastigmides, Subtribus, Thomson, Skand. Hym., IV., p. 59. 1899. Megastigmine, Subfamily IV., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 246. .
The species falling in this subfamily are easily recognized by the large circular or rounded knob of the stigmal vein.
Species of the genus Megastigmus are bred commonly from hymenopterous and dipterous gall-makers (Cynipide and Cecidomytidx) and also from the seed capsules of various trees and plants. The group is, therefore, phytophagous as well as para- sitic. Megastigmus spermatotr_phus Wachtl was bred from the seed of the Douglas spruce, Pseudotsuga douglasii. It is identical with M. pinus Parfitt, also bred from the seed of a pine and described thirty-six years earlier.
TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Head and thorax smooth or transversely wrinkled or aciculate ; mandibles 3-dentate............... 2 Head and thorax neither smooth nor transversely wrinkled or aciculate, but sparsely or very finely
punctate ; mandibles 4-dentate.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 245
Abdomen distinctly petiolate, the petiole the length of the metathorax, the body short, elliptical, not compressed, shorter than the thorax ; scutellum without a cross-furrow before tip. Odopoia Walker (type O. atra Walker). Abdomen subsessile, the body elongate, subcompressed, the length of the thorax ; scutellum with a cross-furrow before apex...... .Bootania Dalla Torre (type Metamorpha leucospoides Walker). 2. Head seen from in front a little wider than long, the ocelli placed in a slight curved line; seutellum
with a cross-furrow before apex............Megastigmus Dalman (type Ichneumon dorsalis Fabricius.
Supramity VI. Ormyrin®.
1856. Ormyroide, Familie X., Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 19, 22 and 24. 1875. Ormyrides, Subtribus, Thomson, Skand. Hym., LV., p. 100. 1899. Ormyrine, Subfamily V., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 1V., p. 247.
Dr. Arnold Férster was the first to separate this group from other Torymids. It is a very distinct and compact subfamily, agreeing with the subfamily Toryminw in venation and in pleural and pedal characters, but otherwise it is totally different from it and the others. The females are easily recognized by the elongate, pointed, or conically produced abdomen, non-prominent ovipositor, and by its peculiar sculp- ture; the males by the oblong oval shape of the abdomen, as well as by the sculpture.
It shows some affinity with the Hurytomidx, and particularly with my tribe Rileyini, in the shape of the pronotum, and in antennal and abdominal peculiarities.
All are bred from hymenopterous and dipterous gall-insects, belonging princi- pally to the families Cynipide and Cecidomyiide ; only a few species have been described.
Only three genera are known distinguished as follows :
TABLE OF GENERA. ee Males tabdomen oblonpadepresceGkarms nis cite .je cielecrecrasisetoeisriceieaesarusiaeias sersclcatecucre. dacnd Females ; abdomen long, conically pointed and more or less compressed, especially towards the apex,
BEF OVIPORILOL MOV CLAP NO MMU Clie pan ue eects ove dorapsy-t asc Yall felts tuniel ysl etc ich sie stele sie: viele leleties ov wiersiaseccee 12
bo
= Abdomen vhiiout a peculiar SCH plore MONA tr. tr: tele a, cielis ce ce e/ersis/es aia ak Sie Gdieereyeuinesioe de vicca B Abdomen with a peculiar sculpture, and some of the segments with two rows of pits or deep punctures.
No large, coarse punctures at base of middle abdominal segments ; antenn with one ring-
JOIN 6... ee cece ee ee ee eee ee seeeees... Monobeus Forster (type M. cingulatus Forst.). With large, coarse punctures at base of middle abdominal segments ; antennz with two ring- joints .................++-..+.+.+...Ormyrus Westwood (type O. punctiger Westw.).
3. Abdomen finely punctate ; antennze with three ring-joints. Tribus Forster (type 7. punctulatus Forst.).
An ACO MEL LE LOtb ABD COM MALIS CUD UULG <tave si aists note as) sisieiel sano s(eeitisle se.cl¢ciore tbl ac.ctvccecdenresacse D Abdomen with a peculiar sculpture.
Antenne with one TIDE-jOING. .. v2... ce cee ewe ke aeale veces oc uese ose MLONODSUS Forster.
Antenne with two ring-joints. ...:..........0.00 cece cece cece cece sss Ormyrus Westwood.
DaeARUCNTIES WIhh Gn eesran P| OU eiiaciseeis ne a0 cx nee sie)b se wien les elpule pies «je wieos e's 6» +e RYLDSOUS Porster.
246 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Famity LXII. CHALCIDIDZ. 1830. Chaleide, Family (partim), Leach, Edinb. Eneye., [X., p. 144. 1840. Chalcidee, Subfamily I. (partim), Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., I., p. 166, Synop., p. 665. 1846. Chalcidide, Family I. (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Mus., I., p. 2. 1856. Chalcidoidee, Familie II., Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 18, 21 and 29. ~ 1875. Chaleidina Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11, 12. 1886. Chalcidinze, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer, [., p. 197. 1897. Chalcididee, Family LXII., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 245. 1900. Chaleididee, Family LXII., Ashmead, Proc. U.S. National Museum, XXIII, p. 202.
This family, although allied to the Torymide and to the Huwrytomide, is very distinet in many particulars; by the usually very long, subcylindrical hind cox, the greatly swollen hind femora, usually dentate or serrate beneath, by the strongly arcuate hind tibizee which are usually obliquely truncately produced at apex, so that the tarsi appear to be attached a little before the tips, and by pro- notal and abdominal differences.
The group is most extensively represented in South America, where many genera and many species have been discovered.
Two subfamilies have been recognized, distinguishable as follows:
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES. Front wings longitudinally folded ; ovipositor curving upwards and backwards over the dorsum of the Biya Ce) s1\:) Re ne nee a PerOeM Arena ATA OS COT Eo OE UG oaroo ero oc sieve euevi nel L ibyoparcte reir, Front wings not folded; ovipositor when prominent, straight, not curving over the dorsum of the SDGOMEN «jai occics rose eee ais tue tins carota eee. eisv'a jw fay nlaco'e 9) x aie'covs ceteeeie ristece cape rsvetetecelauove tere) UDO LTINT Liv pe LU aes Os PACT Ae Td ONAL
SusraMILy [. Lrucosprpin®.
1833. Leucopside, Family, Walker, Ent. Mag,, II., p. 13. 1839. Leucospide, Family XV., Haliday, Hym. Synop., p. ii. 1846. Leucospidee, Family I., Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, I., p. 1. 1856. Leucospoide, Family L, Forster, Hym. Stud., IL, pp. 18, 20 and 29. 1886. Leucospine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 197. 1897. Leucospidine, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p. 255.
Dr. yon Dalla Torre, in his Catalogus Hymenopterorum, Vol. V., has incor- rectly credited this subfamily to Forster ; it should be credited to Walker, who desig- nated it asa family as early as 1833.
The group isa natural one, and is very distinct from the other groups of the Chal- cididz, in habits, in abdominal peculiarities — the ovipositor being curved forward
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 247
over the dorsum of the abdomen, often reaching to the scutellum, and in having the wings longitudinally folded as in the Vespidx, Hwmenide and in the Diapriid genus Galesus.
The group is parasitic in the nest of bees and the longitudinal fold in the wings is significant, for the leucospid is thus enabled to craw] into the nest of a bee without seriously disturbing its contents.
The group was monographed by Dr. August Schletterer in 1890, in the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, vol. 35. This work should be in the hands of all stu- ents who desire to study these insects.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Frons anteriorly not cornuted ; hind margin of the head not curved inwardly ; third joint of antennz at least as long as the second, usually, however, distinctly longer; pronotum anteriorly as broad as pebind)-Hecwtell um never COLOALG He miter crarciy siscarayopenctecyalece alc iaiefetest erste ec ine lsitoedeete ave iniee Bia es mete ee
Frons anteriorly bicornuted ; hind margin of the head curved inwardly ; third joint of antennz smaller than the following ; pronotum narrowed anteriorly ; scutellum cordate. Marres Walker (type M. dicomas Walker).
2. Abdomen more or less compressed, rounded or vertically angular posteriorly, but never pointed ; ovipositor extends from beneath the venter and curyes oyer the tip of the abdomen backwards, reposing upon the dorsum, sometimes extending to the scutellum ; hind coxze without a tooth above ; FLAN LLEVA Ie SUN Cnt =] OLN ECO toc actrr te crits fe acclaim cle tie aiccis ae eiste cies este iaci er ieieiienm on caienaar ene
Abdomen more fusiform and not distinctly compressed, the paunch followed to the dorsum, with a long channel and with the apex pointed ; ovipositor confined to the under surface of the abdomen and not extending further than to its tip; hind coxze with a strong erect tooth above; maxillary palpi 3-jointed, short and slender..........Polistomorpha Westwood (type P. surinamensis Walker).
3. Front coxz not especially long, much shorter than their femora, the tibiae as long as the femora; middle tibize without a tooth at apex ; hind tibiee at apex normal, with 2 spurs.
Leucospis Fabricius (type L. dorsigera Fabricius).
Front coxe very elongate, nearly as long as their femora, the tibise shorter than the femora; middle- tibize with a tooth at apex ; hind tibis curved and acutely produced into a spine at apex.
Exoclenus Shipp (type Leucospis anthidioides Westw.).
SupraMiny II. CHancipin™. 1835. Chalcidide, Family, Walker, Ent. Mag., IT., p. 20. 1839. Chalcidide, Family XVI., Haliday, Hym. Synop., p. ii. 1856, Chalcidoide, Familie, Forster, Hym. Stud., ii., p. 29. 1897. Chalcidine, Subfamily II., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV., p. 247.
In having the hind femora greatly swollen and usually dentate or serrate, this subfamily agrees with the Leucospidine, but differs in having the front wings not folded longitudinally in repose, by having a much smaller pronotum, and quite a different shaped abdomen, the ovipositor, when prominent, being straight and never curved forward over the dorsum.
248 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
I have divided it into four tribes, which may be distinguished by the characters made use of in the following table :
TABLE OF TRIBES.
to
1. Abdomen sessile ...........
Abdomen -petolater a5 src ieetee ensesers) oak te are we tacerc fetta oie agel eta ate Peete ey cee eee ee ee ele
to
Postmarginal vein wanting or only slightly developed, the stigmal vein very short, sometimes absent ;
antennz: inserted close to theimouth border’ |. o¢2/-)2)-.2.< <1 ss slauein ie nizistssatalolols cle bi uae ate ia cies eee Postmarginal vein always well developed, the stigmal vein rarely very short.
Antenne inserted near the middle of the face, or at least always above an imaginary line
drawn from the base of the eyes: .. 2.2... da..00e00.ce en seeseeem osc kribe 1. Chaledmic
Antenne inserted near the mouth border, or always below an imaginary line drawn from the
base: of ‘the eyesiy, 2 :r20 226 side cite cols ae ad eee awiets yes ELIS IOV. pLLalbichellink (palin).
3. Antennze inserted near the mouth border, or always below an imaginary line drawn from the base of
LA CAC hI eRRD Doc MICO DOCCLIOD COD Jon nOp ac tog ae On ONod DO Sooo hn Sebeadte Saeed ca sces |B Antenne inserted near the middle of the face, or always above an imaginary line drawn from the base ‘Of the yess nc. ss saw ole wie ce olin or clo! oo elolicre tole faven tin! aralc woles Aepeeeniste ae he/ ele tele eee eee eS eee 4, Postmarginal vein very long ; ovipositor if prominent not very slender, the eighth dorsal segment often produced into a long compressed stylus.....................+-.+-.+.-...-.-. Dvibe I. Smicrini.
5. Head normal, not cornuted. Abdomen petiolate... fac.c2 soko cioe aes: oa, Racer ami cio sudo eatea lg seen Meee oe LaLDe Ml Moa ChLeniants Abdomen/sessile-. 2... c\fa. 22 be cacecwes case sane eaten ta nn cies 2e ee LI DEM Veer pOneNLEnye
Head abnormal, deeply excavated in front, cornuted ; abdomen petiolate or subpetiolate. Tribe V. Dirhinini
Tre ll. Chaleidini.
This group is distinguished by the sessile abdomen and by having the antenne inserted near-the middle of the face or at least never below an imaginary line drawn from the base of the eyes.
Through the genus Acanthochalcis it is related to the subfamily Leucospidine, while in the abdominal peculiarities of most of the species the group is much closer . allied to the tribe Haltichellini.
Most of the genera attack principally lepidopterous insects in the pupal stage. Phasgonophora, however, and probably also the allied genera Trigonwra, Stypiwra, etc., prey upon wood-boring coleopterous larvee.
TABLE OF GENERA.
dea = 10) Cen ene Arora In eiOon romietloEe onc Os ane ron ac She dogs norm muomesccoe ce ststocaccosteras 2 2. Seutellum normal, unarmed, although sometimes with a slight median depression towards apex ; if with a slight elevated plate behind, the same is entire, rarely subemarginate ..............+.++ 3 Scutellum posteriorly armed, emarginate or produced. . ase otlovearaitavens choral cleneryectalletenetottstetate tele hsTetenis Tamme
3. Abdomen not ending in a long, distinct ovipositor, alckondh the eighth aes segment is often much
produced, long and compressed, resembling a stylus and enclosing the ovipositor............... 4
6.
=)
10.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 249
Abdomen ending in a long, distinct ovipositor, which is sometimes as long as the whole body.
Acanthochalcis Cameron (type A. nigrescens Cameron).
. Abdomen much produced at apex, the eighth dorsal segment long, compressed, resembling a stylus 5
Abdomen normal, subglobose or ovate, the eighth dorsal segment never very long................ 11
. Scutellum normal, rounded behind, if with a slight plate behind the same is entire, not emarginate 6
Scutellum terminating in a projection or plate posteriorly which is usually emarginate........... 8 DEON, Al PASO LOMNGe day UO CMU CAO mmeraartersycie ais slste(eiclstee ee oa /acc/els\arerea) sjayae a cranisjs seis eaniwere's, L Abdomen at base truncate, the truncature bounded by a carina,
Antenne 13-jointed, the flagellum long, slender, filiform ............Phasgonophora Westwood
(type P. sulcata Westw.).
. Eighth dorsal abdominal segment produced into a triangular stylus, the second segment (or the first
body segment) occupying only about one third the length of the body ; antennz 11-jointed, sub- CIAVALG eee ics se sel eeiselceaitoresicsie cies dees sien i> -LEIZODUrA sichel (type 2. crassicauda sichel): Eighth dorsal abdominal segment very long, compressed but not triangular, the second segment vari- able, usually, however, occupying about half the length of the body ; antennie 11-jointed, filiform, tapering toward tips..........................Lhaumatelia Kirby (type Chalcis separata Walker),
eppcutellumiwith a shor, uhick projection) DEMING. cla. ar aise -<ie'm sie sie eyes Oeis cee e cscs sans cosenes 9
Scutellum ending in a raised emarginate or bidentate plate. MG elf OTA RAD ALT CUleet tal wets aria col efoaiasorsteCaieieisios Hfataiensis bie a: siehig @aaa nl alanis Sew els ac spipamins LO Metathorax with two very prominent projections on each side, and very hairy. Abdomen with the eighth dorsal segment produced into a long stylus ; antennze 12-jointed. Megalocolus Kirby (type Halticella ducator Walker).
. Metathorax with two teeth on each side; hind femora armed with 7 or 8 teeth beneath.
Pseuedocholcis Kirby (type Halticella declarator Walk.). Metathorax produced and excised medially ; hind femora unarmed..... Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer. (type O. subenea Kriechb.). Marginal vein very short, the postmarginal and the stigmal veins abnormally long ; hind femora with numerous small teeth beneath (about 14); abdomen long, conically produced. :
Larradomorpha Stadelman (type L. insignis Stadelm.).
Marginal vein long, the stigmal vein normal, not very long. Hind femora armed with one long tooth followed by 6 or 7 smaller teeth ; antennze 11-jointed. Stypiura Kirby (type Chalcis conigastra Perty).
Hind femora with numerous depressed punctures, and with about 6 large teeth beneath; antennze
13-jointed. ............0. 00 ee ee eee cess ses Bpitelia Kirby (type Chalcis stylata Walker).
11. Antenne 13-jointed, with 1 ring-jointed, rather short; hind femora armed with many minute teeth beneath. . 2.2... 55 2. ce ce ee ee ce cece ec eeee css s---Chaleis Fabricius (type Vespa minuta Linné).
TDR CULEUNU POSteniOx yr UMAT Med; NOTLAANs c-. «fre is divers wane ce pdel aie Ries ag Sale niele eleleiele Otietanieeieciésls baw LB Scutellum posteriorly armed, emarginate or produced, .........8.. 0. cece ce cece cece cece cece ees 16
Te eA MAOMer si Ane OUNCE, MO PLUNCHUCs o/0hsi5 cus, 40 ss cic = 9 sole lla:creis ele/siciersjans » sGpele ace ypierisive evo ne LS Abdomen at base truncate, the truncature bounded by a carina.......... Phasgonophora Westwood.
14, Hind angles of metathorax rounded, not prominent. .......... 2.2. ce cece cece cece cece cece ccceee LD
Hind angles of metathorax prominent, acute, clothed above with usually a silvery white pubescence ; thorax coarsely punctate, the abdomen punctate or at least not entirely impunctate ; antenne
11-jointed, the flagellum filiform,..... ees Matec oe eh RES Sr OTO Acanthochalecis Cameron.
250 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
15.
16
Nee
18.
19.
Antenne 18-jointed. swathione rin f-jOUntin. ayes vera aye roche) alee er be laeiet oe et ars eee ole tonnes etter Antenne 11-jointed, with one ring-joint.
Marginal vein about four times the length of the stigmal vein ; hind femora with 6 moderately large teeth beneath; antenne 11-jointed, the flagellum filiform, the first joint shorter than tHE SCAPOs.3.55 svrurt.ctjaet ieee Soeniat inser oe acct eae «2 Gree Senn serena Trigonura Sichel.
Marginal vein long, four or more times longer than the stigmal vein ; hind femora with 8 teeth beneath ; antenne 11-jointed, the flagellum long, filiform, the first joint longer than the scape.
Thaumatelia Kirby.
_ Seutellum with a short thick projection behind ; metathorax emarginate or armed................ 17 Scutellum ending in a raised emarginate or bidentate plate ; metathorax unarmed................ 18 Metathorax produced and excised medially ; hind femora unarmed ...... Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer.
Metathorax usually with two teeth on each side (rarely normal); hind femora armed with 7 or 8 teeth beneath... sh. c-0 anoccs cuccsd boi egs in nebelse cele oes jolss sine sour ap aioe SOMO Cha CIs Kanbys Antenne 11-jointed ; marginal vein long, the stigmal vein normal, not very long. Hind femora armed with one large tooth, followed by 6 or 7 smaller teeth... Stypiura Kirby. Hind femora with numerous depressed punctures and with 6 large teeth .......Epitelia Kirby. Antenne (?) 12- or 13-jointed; marginal vein very short, the stigmal vein abnormally long; hind femora with numerous small teeth beneath (about 14)................. Larradomorpha Stadelman. Hind femora armed with many small teeth beneath. ............................Chaleis Fabricius.
Tree Il. Smicrini.
This tribe approaches nearest to the tribe Chaleidini, but is at once separated
from it by having the abdomen always distinctly petiolate, never sessile, and by having the hind coxe abnormally long, as compared with those in the Chalcidini.
The species are principally parasitic upon lepidopterous larve, although some
will attack other insects.
bo
TABLE OF GENERA.
Hemialesis vote we Sei coceere Goto rele = noe cue rarmfapatnta wteltelny eve a) sta\ a ola joYeieycu stat ecetto la estate tel viekeaten eure act Reet ete teatime Middle tibizs withoutram apical Spite: tsreyars clo store] cetattetete ele) mie tet ete erate ecto te aw el eee ole ee Middle tibise with am\ apical Spurs .icreys) te, oucrine ome cc leteie lol aint lo ele ralol eas etete ala alot ee oleate tetera tere
Antenne 12- or 13-jointed ; thorax black; abdomen ovate or conic-ovate, the second segment shorter, not occupying nearly the whole surface ; hind femora armed with many minute teeth.
Smicra Spinola (type Chalcis sispes Fabr.).
Antenne 14-jointed ; thorax mostly yellow or marked with yellow, never wholly black ; abdomen coni-
cally produced, the second segment large, occupying most of the surface ; hind femora armed with
6 teeth of moderate size.............2+-+-++ee---.-bpitranus Walker (type E. fulvescens Walk.).
. Hind femora armed with one large or moderately large tooth near base followed by many small or mintite: teeth, LOFor maore din) mt bers cree apt etete yale) areata oral ate ete eye te aedeagal esate teeta tel eer eee Hind femora armed with from 8 to 9 teeth, the teeth usually large................---..-..+--.. 14 Metathorax unarmed)... x. v5.55 oe lscom cio sete ci mits eclisle tatelete ketal etm a eetele take eset erel lie eta ke eee Metathorax armed with from two to four teeth or projections ............. 0.2 cee ee eee ee ee ee 10 Scutellum at apex simple, unarmed, without an elevated plate, teeth or spines.................-. 7
Scutellum at apex armed, with an elevated plate, which is usually emarginate or bidentate ....-.. 13
ot
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 251
-_Metathorax witout lateral: teeth Or projections. 222.0 .2.c. 20.6 wc ectvce celincs sare csccecesecccccne
Metathorax twit lateral teeth) or projections. «2 scseec cs cea ce aeieie)- ciel voles ow sides eeimeiceeces sae. LO
. Abdomen produced, the eighth segment in female greatly lengthened into a long compressed stylus ; antennse 18-jointed......................Bustypiura Ashmead, gen. noy. (type /. bicolor Ashm.).
Abdomen conic-ovate or fusiform, the eighth segment in female normal or nearly, not produced into a stylus ; antennze 13-jointed.
Petiole of abdomen very long and slender, as long as the thorax or nearly, or at least twice as Univer Heys 1a} XOOPS qo Ong condos UpSese Banpoee 100 comedeny Coanibdad cuideno odeomedh 1)
Petiole of abdomen usually short and stout, never very long or slender ; scape of antennz nor- mal, not extending beyond the ocelli Spilochalcis Thomson (type Chalcis xanthostigma Dalm.).
. Seape of antennze abnormal, very long and usually clavate, extending far above the ocelli, its apex beneath sometimes excavated and enclosing the base of the flagellum; abdominal petiole slender and of a uniform thickness throughout Ceratosmicra Ashm., gen. nov. (type C. petiolata Ashm.).
Scape of antenn slender, cylindrical, not or scarcely reaching beyond the ocelli ; abdominal petiole thickest at the middle, tapering off towards each end...............Sayiella Ashmead, gen. nov.
(type Smicra debilis Say.).
5 Shania imei aiitiruct! Ss. apee puss so coe sob ad socusooedban deg7Secnde 55 daeonoagsescn: tl
Scutellum at apex bidentate or with an emarginate plate or ridge.
Metathorax quadridentate (two teeth on each side of the petiole) ; body of abdomen short ovate, the petiole shorter than the thorax ; antennze 18-jointed, the flagellum filiform, clothed with a dense, short pubescence, the scape short, subcompressed. Xanthomelanus Ashmead, gen. noy.
(type Chalcis dimidiata Fabr.).
. Metathorax bidentate (one tooth on each side of the petiole) ; thorax never wholly black ; antennze
Metathorax quadridentate (two teeth on each side of the petiole) ; thorax sometimes wholly black ; scape of antennz long, extending beyond the ocelli.
Thorax wholly black ; body of abdomen oyate, the petiole variable in length, usually long and slender, but shorter than the thorax ; antennze 13-jointed, the flagellum filiform, the scape at tip beneath not excavated... Melanosmicra Ashmead, gen. noy. (type M. immaculata Ashm.).
Thorax yellow or yellow marked with black ; body of abdomen usually conical, the petiole long; antennz 18-jointed, the scape at apex beneath excavated.
Ceratosmicra Ashmead (partim).
. Seape of antennze normal ; body of abdomen in female fusiformly pointed or conic-oyate, the petiole very short, not or rarely longer than thick......................+..+..--Spilochalcis Thomson (partim).
Scape of antennze usually long and extending much beyond the ocelli ; body of abdomen oyate, the petiole very long and slender, as long or nearly as the thorax....Mischosmicra Ashmead, gen. nov.
(type M. Kahlii Ashm.).
_ Metathorax normal or with one small tooth on each side of the petiole ; abdomen variable, subglobose,
conic-ovate or fusiform, but rarely ending in a stylus ; antennze 13-jointed. Spilochalcis Thomson (partim).
5 Sinn BE Ome Spinel San acoose.nc eG Gnoo Bh shoes dodcerdobond O00 St 0 Cone AO OD OrrDE Ucx prime 42
Antenne 12-jointed.
Metathorax posteriorly quadridentate..........Thaumapus Kirby (type Smicra decora Walk.).
J Nra es n (OST Ten Bes Sees ticig omen Goria Gelaio Sbien enneee dodo cle > T0enD BURT meno COSSOOm Dror
Antenne 14-jointed; hind coxze usually with a leaf-like expansion at apex, their femora armed with
large or moderate sized teeth. .................+...... Epineus Kirby (type Smicra dux Walker).
252 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
16.
17.
18.
195
21.
Hind femora armed: with § large teeth ordess.. 2.2. .cctacss ease oa deen ele ee ep eee eu Hind femora armed with 9 moderately large teeth. Scutellum sometimes unarmed but usually ending in a bidentate plate. Enneasmicra Ashmead, gen. noy. (type Smicra erinamius Walk.). Hind femora armed with 7 large teeth or. less! 0045 na. qc cose cacin- slike sec see cee elie ee ales ALO Hind femora armed with 8 large or moderate sized teeth (the 8th tooth sometimes reduced in size or followed by one or two minute teeth, or the 6th tooth is tridentate at apex). Mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows, or at least distinct anteriorly. ............... 18 Mesonotum without distinct parapsidal furrows. Abdomen fusiformly pointed, the petiole very short ; hind femora about 2} times as long AS Wide: 245 60 rele ses ee tee eee Se etOpOceras Kirby (type Smicra leucotelus Walk.). Seutellum at apex usually ending in an emarginate or bidentate plate ; abdomen in female lanceolate or conically produced ; the 8th segment often long, styliform. Octosmicra Ashmead, gen. noy. (type O. laliceps Ashm.).
Hind’ femora armed with 6ilarpe teethior lessee ssc. ential astern tee oie ceie ene cei noe ee Ee Hind femora armed with 7 large teeth, the seventh usually much reduced in size. Abdomen in female conically produced or fusiform, the 8th segment sometimes styliform or pro-
duced into a stylus, the petiole not short ; mandibles in 9 bi- in ¢ tri-dentate.
Heptasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type Smicra obliterata Walk.).
,. Hind: fémora:armed: with: bdaree teeth oriless) 7) \uepae ast on se ne eee ee en eee
Hind femora armed with 6 large teeth (the 6th tooth sometimes broad and at apex 3-dentate). Metathorax armed with two triangular teeth and a lamina or plate just behind the insertion of the hind wings, the latter extending slightly over the metapleura, the sculpture coarse ; teeth of hind femora short and stout. ........ Diplodontia Ashmead (type Smicra carolina Ashm.). Metathorax usually, but not always, armed with two, not very prominent, teeth, but without the lamina or plate behind the insertion of the hind wings, the sculpture alyeolate ; teeth of hind femora large, long. Abdomen in female subglobose or short ovate, the petiole always more than twice longer than thick.....................Metadontia Ashmead (type Smicra montana Ashm.). Abdomen in female lanceolate or fusiformly produced, longer than the head and thorax united, the petiole very short, nut longer than thick. Hexasmicra Ashmead, gen. noy. (type Smicra transversa Walk.). Hind femora armed with’. lance teethy or lessns 2 nese secs tence cieei ie ta aera eneetelae tana Hind femora armed with 5 large teeth. Eyes very large, occupying nearly the whole sides of the head; mandibles broad, 3-dentate ; scutellum usually ending in an emarginate or bidentate plate ; metathorax alveolate.
Pentasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type P. brasiliensis Ashm.).
. Hind femora with 4 large teeth ; metathorax usually with teeth or projections, rarely unarmed ; plate
at apex of scutellum bidentate or broadly emarginate; abdomen ovate or conic-ovate, rarely -fusiform, the eighth segment in female never very long........Tetrasmicra Ashmead, gen. nov (type Smicra concitata Walk.).
Hind femora with 3 large teeth...............Trismicra Ashmead, g. noy. (type S. contracta Walk.).
> Middle tibize withoutan apical (Spurs so). «jis e sun eterna me hecisiets shale seis aie She custeusTe rei aie eee eee eee
Middle tibise with:an apical spurs <:..:iencoei-c.cs kis iis are eine ee eine ele, et ces Uitte See ae eee
24.
25.
26.
27.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 253
Antenne 12- or 13-jointed ; thorax black ; hind femora armed with many minute teeth. .Smicra Spinola. Antenne 14-jointed ; thorax yellow or yellow marked with black ; hind femora armed with 6 teeth.
Epitranus Walker.
Hind femora armed with one large tooth near base followed by many small or minute teeth, from 10
kD DO iP TRIOWE PE SE Go sede ce sau ae Bd Saeed ane Hone Med POOR Ee Op Bren br A ann cnet Bare pean pear aa, Hind femora armed with from:3 to 9ilarge teeth... 0.0.5... ences ces ee ens cote esse ce seases OO Metathorax armed with from 2 to 4 teeth or projections. ............ 0.0.20 ee ce ee cece eee ee ee ee 29
Metathorax unarmed. Scutellum at apex unarmed, without an emarginate or bidentate plate................... 27 Scutellum at apex armed with an emarginate or bidentate plate. Abdominal petiole very long and slender, as long as the thorax or nearly.............-.-.--.... 28 Abdominal petiole usually short and stout, or at least never very long nor very slender. Pronotum anteriorly rounded or sloping, not acute; petiole carinate. Eustypiura Ashmead.
Pronotum anteriorly acute ; petiole not carinate.....................Spilechalcis Thomson.
. Seape of antenne abnormal, long and clavate, extending far above the ocelli. Ceratosmicra Ashmead.
Scape of antennz slender, cylindrical, not or only slight extending above the ocelli. Sayiella Ashmead.
. Metathorax bi-dentate ; a tooth on each side of the petiole.
Scape of antennze normal ; abdominal petiole not very long nor slender. Spilochalcis Thoms. ( partim). Seape of antennze usually long and slender, extending much beyond the ocelli; abdominal petiole yery long and slender, as long or nearly as long as the thorax.
Mischosmicra Ashmead. Metathorax quadridentate ; two teeth on each side of the petiole.
Scutellum at apex, bidentate or with an emarginate plate. ...... Xanthomelanus Ashmead. Scutellum at apex normal, unarmed. Thorax wholly black ; scape of antennz normal, petiole of abdomen normal. Melanosmicra Ashmead. Thorax yellow or yellow marked with black ; scape of antennz abnormal ; petiole of ab- domen very long. Scape long and clavate, excayate at apex beneath, extending far above the ocelli. Ceratosmicra Ashmead. Scape slender, cylindrical and extending only slightly beyond the ocelli. Sayiella Ashmead.
DO swAQILSNN sy 1G zat] OLNMELL or ota rs alas eta oie) Aletated a 2) os ir i@lo oie oe = elev iciw nfnilelaivlofe\sVelaiateilsis/einieis s|sainya.ejsjsiaiaoeieles OL Antenne 12-jointed ; metathorax quadrideutat .............-.0.---2+.-...-... Fhaumapus Kirby. Ril MEERUT TL. Ae Onn ree Me CGO 6 DOS COROT BOOT ODD Os tG DORE CObeco Caeser Omer ae: Antenne 14-jointed. Hind femora armed with large or moderate-sized teeth ......................Bpineus Kirby. S27. Hind femora armed with) i laree teGLn OM LESS. or s)o)c2 e's ailo\eieieieie se) wlelae\ sive s\eleje ns leienc.sieldciesive.eses OO Hind femora armed with 9 moderately large teeth........................,Enneasmicra Ashmead. Sonn TomOLA Armed swith Wane EbECUEN OL LORS. soc ccis se naar cores weles Coles seis cihdibe ois'se0 ve vole oe OF Hind femora armed with 8 large teeth. Mesonotum without distinct parapsidal furrow ....................+.+++.. Protoceras Kirby. Mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows.......................... Octosmicra Ashmead. Pee Ce MIONe SO lLlt OL IAT OCU CMa LORE dts terse siers:atare ete ala ave fnigy sia” s aJeiavaiel ara ole Biers diel es ws) 4e a ciwaieerey OD
Hind femora with 7 large teeth. ..........2-20ceeececscecesercvccecese+s- deptasmicra Ashmead.
254 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
35, Bindfemora armed! with'5 large teethtorwless a ste cies clea sieceieie tara aoe Gi eC eee eee OO Hind femora armed with 6 large teeth.
Metathorax armed with two triangular teeth or projections and a lamina or plate just behind the insertion of the hind wings that extends slightly over the mesopleura ; teeth of hind femora short and) stomt 4:52 cis.ccle.s eee sey ots lavle Neeiewloeisor clemieeetisiei ete DAD ODOR MaPASRIneaAd:
Metathorax sometimes armed with two teeth, sometimes unarmed but always without the lamina or plate.
PS ONENOWM! 6:0-2°. « ri wrabalnalors pL owicrs oie siete Gaeenio Dee Roe RET LC LAO ON LIAr ASH MOAGs
2 iG) UNEN OWI 6 join srele-o\ yore sic ie -4afoe 2) ain se) sinveale) Saisie erecta eee s MELe SASMMICI Ay ARNE Ane
36. ‘Hind: femora,.armed with 4 larse teeth on lessy./.-0n<-cvsieei en elec alae iem ene seine a eee en Hind femora armed with 5 large teeth. ...........--.+..++++++.++-+.+...... Pentasmicra Ashmead. 37. Hind femora armed with 4 large teeth........................-++++--.+. Letrasmicra Ashmead. Hind femora armed with 3 large teeth.............0+..00q0+0+e0ss+e-0++se+-,--erismicra Ashmead.
Tripe IIT. Chaleitellini.
This tribe is proposed for a small group closely allied to the tribe Haltichellini, but is easily distinguished by the distinctly petiolate abdomen.
The group is unknown to the American fauna, although some South American genera in the Smicrini come quite close to it; they are, however, easily separated by having the antenne inserted farther up on the face and not low down close to the mouth, as in this tribe.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Dis, Hernia les rats tcchs:jaye whee fercstevare trate yas eveneoe a etaleveve als fo oo oat O ee are ona Carat opera Tene aie alls Eaten ee 2; MAN tenn se 132] OUNGEM Was) Gala coy Sian sees were RGIS ate, Sim: SNS ore wlan g Siar Nar ota EIEN OEE ea ROOTS Lee Eom
Antenne 11-jointed (the club indistinctly jointed). Hind femora with 7 or 8 large teeth........,Chalcitella Westwood (type C. evanioides Westw. ) 3. Hind tibize without a tooth outwardly near base, the hind femora armed with many very minute teeth. Arretocera Kirby (type Epitranus albipennis Walk.). Hind tibize with a tooth outwardly near base, the hind femora with one large tooth and then finely serrate beyond............................. Anacryptua Kirby (type Epitranus impulsator Walk.). 4, Characters as in females. Trise LV. Haltichellini.
This tribe resembles most closely the tribe Chalcidini and is separated from it with dicuffilty, the difference in the insertion of the antennee alone being the only character that readily distinguishes the two tribes.
In this tribe the antenne are inserted c/ose to the mouth border, the scape being long, while the postmarginal vein is wanting, or rarely very long as in the Chalcidini and the Smicrini.
TABLE OF GENERA. 1. Females ....... ove sala Shaver late) ole) Bie hotell ce lareteiax aratkeie’ erecta ialoyee gales overall otayedaccloys tet rata tete tel ences ce ere ate nee ee
bo
i
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES Pele
Hind femora with one or more large teeth or projections beneath, as well as being finely denticulate
fr RONGDIT Breas an abla ta Abend pr hac Se OID ERA DIES. OB oie PS OID CE RCE ROLES Crk ears re eae Im Hind femora simple or at most very finely denticulate beneath, without a large tooth or projection 7 Me nn OFAxaH OLIN Al MenaLHOUE ILO] CCIONS ae aaa more ed ante cclsioe fetes cethciss seuss crue «ieee fais coerce
Metathorax with projections, i. e., spines or teeth on each side posteriorly ..............-....... 14
. Hind femora with two prominences or elevations beneath and minutely denticulate.
Hockeria Walker (type H. dexius Walk.).
Hind femora not so formed, at the most with one prominence or one tooth, the edges beyond usually fine ydenticulateonberrateu mecca cere toni aoek ane ceca so oekeoeee ee ae wecnnaminaae ne OD Antenne 13-jointed ; scape without a tooth beneath near the middle, ...............Neochalcis Kirby (type Luchalecis vetuta Dufour).
Antenne 11-jointed ; scape With a tooth beneath near the middle...................Buchalceis Dufour
(type E. miegii Dufour).
6. Scutellum at apex bidentate ; hind femora armed with 11 small teeth beneath ; antennze 11-jointed, Allocera Sichel (type A. bicolor Sichel). 72 Metathorax: normal), without projections or teeth. 22 o.<. sc.cc ae = sat cneiscitis wie we cerea sees en cieeee 8 Mefathorax with projections or teeth on each side <2 .:.-.5-ccccccecr st cece ss sats er ce srecaces 14 Se scutellum aormsalnelther bidentate non spined- iain d. en acn. cite tose cies case cia cise er cielere sche Sentellumbeithemspined orjbidentate avapex .s7.f ace. oe cece osc ds tm ce anes co aa amie netetiiineiie cme LL 9.
10.
UGE
13.
14.
Hind femora beneath with the edges finely denticulate or serrate, the head normal or not very thin ANILETO=POSLELLOLIY oer sions sro erect Poe fore Scheer = eerie aiey cae ee ehemen OE is eae ate meine erie Te cantare ROO Hind femora swollen but the edges beneath simple, not denticulate, the head lenticular and very thin antero-posteriorly, wider than the thorax, the ocelji on a straight line; stigmal vein curved, not short, a little longer than half the length of the marginal vein ; costal cell broad ; antenni 18- jointed, with 2 ring-joints..................Encyrtocephalus Ashmead (type 2. simplicipes Ashm.). Antenne 13-jointed ; abdomen short, the second segment (first body segment) occupying about half the whole surface ; hind femora armed with about 12 small teeth,.................Haltichella Spinola (type Chalcis pusilla Spinola). Antennie 12-jointed ; abdomen short, the second segment occupying fully half the whole surface ; hind femora very minutely denticulate beneath..............Conura Spinola (type C. flavicans Spinola). Snutelluntatrapaxe pid eutatemme terri adarerite eam or tora iva ie etereninyeerecterralesrertve nei. lS Scutellum at apex produced into a long, stout spine... .. 2.2.0... ccc ce cece tee tee ee eee ees 1S Antenne 12-jointed, very long, the scape long ; hind femora unarmed .........,Antrocephalus Kirby (type Haltichella fascicornis Walk.). Antennz 11-jointed, the flagellum very long and slender ; hind femora beneath with the apical half or so finely denticulate and often hairy..........Stomatoceras Kirby (type Halticella liberator Walk.). Antenne 11-jointed, the flagellum subclavate, densely pilose ; hind femora unarmed. Aspirhina Kirby (type Halticella dubitator Walk.). Antennze 12-jointed, the flagellum filiform; hind femora armed with one large triangular tooth, the edges beyond finely serrate..........Notaspidium Dalla Torre (type Notaspis formiciformis Walk.). Aoiteninises | O= OK ik JOU LCDs ates clep sete ai ele tellers (aie e's e/a lea ieies aia) s 6 4/arors, simi aripsiniwicis olnie ori tle ic eS .s vie ieee sens 16 Antenne 12-jointed. \ifhifes Sigirvenitanall aa Sore sdomoemaneaccs obobSaAerta sor iD 0 ddd Doe Oo pcan tae eee) Wings variegated. Metathorax with a stout spine on each side; abdomen with the second segment occupying
half the whole surface........... Trichoxenia Kirby (type Halticella cineraria Walk.).
256 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
16.
16,
ily
18.
Heh
Metathorax long with a long projection on each side posteriorly ; abdomen not longer than the thorax, subcompressed at the sides, the second segment long ; subcostal vein ending in a knob, the marginal, postmarginal and stigmal veins not developed......Hybothorax Ratzeburg (type H. graffii Ratzeb.).
Metathorax short, ending in two long divergent spines; abdomen oval, acute at apex, the second seg- ment long; marginal vein present ; the stigmal vein short, not distinct.
Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre (type Calops palpebrator Kriecht). Antenne 10-jointed.
Postmarginal vein long and slender, the stigmal vein short, its knob subpetiolate ; head viewed from in front triangular ; abdomen briefly pointed at apex. Hippota Walker (type Chalcis pectinicornis Latr.). Hind femora with one or more large teeth or projections beneath, as well as being finely denticulate
Hind femora without a large tooth or projection beneath, simple or smooth, or at the most finely den-
ticulate: DeneatH 2 <5. s.tersh sic "et ncve: divi epee sree esate eieiae) ale ouarharele keraltleyeraiioys totaal ee ee Metathorax norma), without projecbions OT Eebh. <1. saraj.1-0c0s cior=lota'= pore! =o ans tatael stesso eevee nee ere) Metathorax auith projections or teeth on each! sides J. 2.iu,ie)a- beats = ereleelee sees eee ete eee
Hind femora with a single large triangular tooth ; scutellum produced into an acute spine. Antenne 12-jointed. . Pe IR eee Pek ee Nek .. Notaspidium Dalla Torre.
Hind femora with one or two prominent projections pencath near the middle and finely denticulate or serrate.
Hirid femora) with»onesprominenGe.... «7. «202 ee ara ceen ee ee eee ee Eee
Hind femora with two prominences..................--+.e++++00+++---++..- -Hockeria Walk. Antenne lS sointed 52s... cro sei bers 2a cio) aspects. tal ae nis ae ee PE COCA einen ye Antentice V2 Foi ted <2 5 soi ckeseucle. « oteiarte cares cose te a deteen eT eee ae ee Toe ee LCCC SED CT
» Metathorax normal, awithout projections .% . .)..cimten = Aice1s's ons esis ote i esis eho Metathorax with a projection on each’ side...) 2.5...» --)22- 1 Js eee oe eae ee eS - Scutellum normal, neither bidentate nor spined. ............ 0.000 cc ee ee cece eeceeeaecrecences DB Sentellum/ecither spined or sbidentate) 5.25. eee ces cloon ie Ce Mee eee eee
. Hind femora beneath with the edges finely denticulate or serrate ; head normal, or at least not very
thin: antero=posteriorly: i). o:% (eis 5 oct lodas oc be De nee erase Solan nee ee eee Hind femora beneath smooth, not denticulate. Head lenticular, very thin antero-posteriorly and wider than the thorax ; antennz normal, 13- jointed, with 2 ring-joints ; middle tibizeslender. ......... .. Bneyrtocephalus Ashmead. Head normal ; antenne abnormal, 13-jointed, with 1 aie the pete and first two joints of the flagellum each covered above by a broad lamina or horny flap ; middle tibiz clavate.
Schwarzella Ashmead, g. noy. (type S. arizonensis Ashm.).
24. Antenne 18-jointed), 4.25.) 2.5-3.405%= so waceteycln we crestor @ jeie A ss ae clesale oie ara Sree are RE cS mn Antenne 12-jointed ov..0 a.< ssc0 x ds bonis pwestawedene Metece s(t seis ante f= Save) tacos ee teior anne ke ete tReet DNEEE LEN es TO tad 25, Antenne 1L- or! L2=[OImE!]M oc js% occ seo.e ie, Secs one aici oaesete wens w cerns foye eeeas ee een ee PETS Pe acc ee aceon eee Antenne 13-jointed. 26: ‘Sceutellum produced into a)long.stout Spine’ (22 G2) cre = tele ee inside cr cvet eras eect eee eee Scutellum at apex bidentate or with a median impression. Antenne 12-joitited sacs. 0s 25a vee ae dnc nncis baie oa cp een ewe es cela nas as eM DD EEOCG EIA aecmnaa Antenne 11-joimted... cyt. cescvel ete Be Siti oye stn Fe eles vel ate roles orejels tater eyaie ms ebay BO LLL MOLE CNieass SEN EE 27. Antenne 11-jointed ; hind femora unarmed...........00 cee ee ee ee ee eeeeeess ss. Aspirhina Kirby.
Antenne 12-jointed ; hind femora with a large, triangular tooth ..........,.Notaspidium Dalla Torre.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 257
PUPS emma ecrLarrse wl C) =e ChIUM AML ey COXRT LGD rete ycieeterancy eeaeioy etetiaratetare-avata i A's fo) clones (<] nismeichatetel NS@rclelcle ial ws\c.e'ecisisie.s «cle sere. OO
Antenne 12-jointed.
WIT DSi Ole RVALEP Cerrone te vansteye ral P¥ <tat-relmiapeisyate: el eka sfeieyeiatelclciotavaleie invalielsliclel ofM/elersve) e(efsle st ai ale) (0) \inhifasipuule silos ne as Soon up Olu oeodb ood docOUdae be no cosnon bodes crimemy stale 4) MEM One
29. Metathorax long, with a long projection on each side posteriorly ; subcostal vein ending in a knob, the
marginal and stigmal veins not developed, ............+.-0+++++++++++... Hybothorax Ratzeburg. Metathorax short, ending in two long divergent spines ; marginal and stigmal veins present.
Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre.
30. Antenne 10-jointed (or 11-jointed with a ring-joint)....................+...-....-. Hippota Walker.
Tripe V. Dirhinini. This tribe is distinguished from all the others by having the head deeply emar- ginate and horned. The antenne are inserted close to the mouth as in the
Haltichellint. TABLE OF GENERA. i. Ibu Hey Bale Secor Soe er AIS CD GOAd Cod Ob Opa OIStIcOO sO Db ODIN Ee Coil CONTE ACO IOD Ire CRO Cierra eicin
Ovyipositorn notexser ted) MERA) wD) CWOMLONIS ora cel ce) = \eiejers ete oie miel ele elelels inte ele) =e clelcie wieioiel sielaiels\s: areal
eo Hw bo
bo
Ovipositor strongly exserted, long ; head with four horns ; antenn 18-jointed. Hontalia Cameron (type H. cwrulea Cameron). 3. Metathorax strongly bidentate. Antenne 12-jointed............................ Dirhinus Dalman (type D. excavatus Dalman). Antenne 13-jointed ........................... Bniaca Kirby (type Chrysis hesperidum Rossi). dhe TRIGIAG SGT NOME aoe oo Ao ee CO PbUb BH GOON bs DA aEODUOOT00.0000 00 0d .5o Gonbigeucco Boag be counee
Head with four horns.
Metathorax without teeth ; antenne 13-jointed........................-....Hontalia Cameron. 5. Metathorax strongly bidentate.
Antenneyl2=| OIntedeeer Eee cra atest a ceiesis wea a ciseinninc as sere ieseewe ots es) Dirhinus Dalman.
AIbENIISenL 5-1 OLE Meer Meer eyS an eta ets vamtina ash sawearers) ees ote eioraoios 1 bane eulace Kirby.
Famity LXIII. *-EURYTOMIDZE. 1830. Cynipsida Leach, Edinb. Eneye., [X., p. 144. 1833. Eurytomide, Family I., Walker, Ent. Mag., I., p. 12. 1840. Eurytomides, Subfamily 2, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., I., p. 166 ; Synop., p. 66. 1846. Eurytomide, Family 38, Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, 1., p. 8. 1856. Eurytomoide, Familie XIT., Forster, Hym. Stud., ii., pp. 19, 23, 44. 1875. Eurytomina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11, 25. 1886. Eurytomine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 19. 1897. Eurytomide, Family LXIII, Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 245. On account of the diversity of habits among the various groups composing this family it is one of the most interesting of all of the families in this great complex to study, except possibly the family Agaonide.
258 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Some are phytophagous or gall-makers; others live in the nests of bees and wasps; Others are parasitic upon gall-making Hymenoptera and Diptera; while still others are genuine parasites on Coleoptera and other insects, and a few, repre- senting my tribe Rileyini, destroy the eggs of orthopterous insects.
The family may be separated into five tribes as follows:
er rei yond a ro TABLE OF TRIBES. yb’ ae Or on 1. Metathorax seen from aboye short, not longer than the scutellum, usually distinctly shorter, and some- what:abruptly declivous .c..07 5 00s Sac inss e 0 oven late win leave orelote aera oe annie Sted Gia cenaice ee eee
Metathorax seen from above long, always longer than the scutellum and usually gradually sloping to
apex (in a single case quadrate and squarely truncate behind) .............-.0s0ecceceeresses 2 2., Head not cornuted’;) eyes oval oriovate, MOMVOUNG . —. ca,.6 0 2.2n.csije sles Wie cele seles os oe Ds pe es eee Head cornuted, much wider than the thorax ; eyes round ..................... Tribe I. Aximini.
3. Marginal vein slender, longer than the stigmal or rarely shorter, but never very stout or stigmated ; abdomen most frequently long in both sexes, in female conic-ovate or conically pointed ; antennz dissimilar in the sexes, in females usually subclayate, in males with the joints of the funicle con- stricted or excised at apex with whorls of long hairs ......................-.. Tribe II. Isosomini.
4. Marginal vein short and stout, stigmated, either quadrate or semicircular...................++.... 6
Marginal vein usually slender, linear, rarely stout, but never stigmated, quadrate, or semicircular 5
5. Antennz 10- to 12-jointed, with only one ring-joint, and dissimilar in the sexes, in females filiform or
subclavate, in males with the funicle joints excised or petiolate at apex, with whorls of long hairs or
with sparse long Hairs .0ci57. <)c/cscon aoc ce euclarsehe cheisiae Ge. oe dominic SEs lo ie tee ee oe TED CRUMB ION Via EARLE
Antenne 13-jointed, with two or three ring-joints, and very similar in the sexes, the funicle joints not
excised or pedicellate at apex, and without whorls of long hairs.............. Tribe TV. Rileyini.
6. Antenne at the most 11-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, the funicle 4-jointed and very similar in both sexes,
filiform or subclavate, without whorls of long hairs; abdomen short, globose, or oval, never very
long or strongly compressed ; hind tibize with rigid bristles behind............Tribe V. Decatomini. TRIBE I. Aaimini.
Mr. Peter Cameron, in Biol. Centr. Amer. Hym., Vol. 1, p. 111, established for Auvima Walker and Hontalia Cameron, the subfamily Aximine. The two genera, however, have nothing in common, are quite distinct in structural characters and belong to different families. Mr. Cameron was evidently deceived in regard to their relationship by a superficial resemblance in the structure of the heads of these insects. Axima is clearly a eurytomid, as I first pointed out several years ago, while Hontalia is a chaleidid allied to Dirhinus, and must be placed in my tribe Dirhinini. Axima is parasitic in the nests of the small carpenter bees, Ceratinide.
TABLE OF GENERA. OL, Females via. = oc n/05 fsisis opeaiete ate aieiate e ojc1e s/t = fel wntolavcisesjse Sio’e o Aealcuet op clan ecsp a oT are eae 2. Marginal vein four or more times longer than the stigmal vein; antennz 11-jointed, the funicle 6- jointed ; abdomen long, lanceolate, compressed,..........Axima Walker (type A. spinifrons Walk.).
3.
” ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 259 Marginal vein hardly twice the length of the stigmal vein; antennze 11-jointed ; abdomen not long, lanceolate..................0++e+++e++.+-AxXimopsis Ashmead, gen. nov. (type A. morio Ashm.). Marginal vein four or more times longer than the stigmal ; antennze 11-jointed, the funicle joints long,
binodose, each joint with two whorls of long hairs......................+.-....-Axima Walker.
Marginal vein hardly twice the length of the stigmal vein...................Aximopsis Ashmead.
Tribe Il. TJsosomini.
All the species falling in this tribe are phytophagous and thus differ in habits
from all of the other tribes.
The group approaches very close to the Eurytomini and many of the species
were at first described under the genus Hurytoma. There is, however, a well
marked structural difference between them, and the tribe may be easily separated
by the characters made use of in my table of tribes. In having a long metathorax
and in the antennal characters of most of the genera, the Jsosomini approach
nearest to the Aximini, but the horned head in the latter is sufficient to keep them apart.
ils
TABLE OF GENERA. DESUEN CHEST Ey eo et Se MR Og ok REN SP IPR ERT OI sect gtr RRs Pepe eee >
bo
“I 0c
PASTS UE TOUIS oy eyeera ve atare sates cea Laer cteane Tecate cally cy sleale Cole aieere er hor ats tea ad TOME a Le tie cl ada es hee Me nh ovein Lacan Crea Winged. Marginal vein always longer than the stigmal vein... 2... 0... ccc cece ce cece sesecccesescee O Marginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein, the latter very oblique, extending off from the marginal at an angle of thirty degrees. Head and thorax umbilicately punctate, the frons with a deep antennal furrow ; abdo- men elongate, conic-ovate, the dorsal segments subequal, as in Isosoma. Isosomodes Ashmead (type Jsosoma gigantea Ashm.). Metathorax sloping or rounded behind, not abruptly and squarely truncate behind, ............... 4 Metathorax quadrate, abruptly and squarely truncate behind. Mesonotum delicately umbilicately punctate ; abdomen ovate, slenderer than the thorax, the second segment the longest, the others about of an equal length. Isosomorpha Ashmead (type J. europe Ashm.). Thorax more or less distinctly umbilicately punctate, punctate or shagreened, opaque, never smooth and shining ; antennze usually 11-jointed, with 1 ring-joint, the funicle 5-jointed.................5
Thorax smooth and shining, impunctate or at the most feebly microscopically shagreened. ......... 6
. Mesonotum umbilicately punctate, punctate or rugulose ; abdomen usually long, conically pointed,
the segments subequal in length, the fourth not or only slightly longer than the third. Isosoma Walker (type Ichneumon verticellata Fabr.). Mesonotum with the middle lobe nearly smooth, delicately punctate, with usually delicate transverse aciculations anteriorly ; abdomen very long, conically pointed, the fourth segment very long.
Euoxysoma Ashmead (type Systole brachyptera Ashm.).
. Pedicel longer than the first joint of the funicle, the joints of the latter moniliform or nearly ; abdomen
ovate, with the fourth segment much longer than the others, except the second ; postmarginal vein
scarcely longer than the stigmal vein.............Isosomocharis Ashmead (type J. sulcat Ashm.).
260 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Pedicel shorter than the first joint of the funicle or no longer, the first three joints of the funicle obconi- cal ; abdomen conically pointed, with the segments, except the second, which is the longest, nearly of an equal length (sexual form) .........................-Philachyra Haliday (type P. ips Hal.).
7. Mesonotum and scutellum highly polished, impunctate ; abdomen conic-ovate, as long as the head and
thorax united ; antenn:e 11-jointed, the funicle 5-jointed, the first joint the longest, obconical, longer
than the pedicell(Agamic'formi)y -) .-).. .cjsns sictvs de sjsins oe se cece te aes opener Rach yraHalidaye 8. Marpeinal veinalways longer than the:sitemall-vein..s.. eee sock be eer eer Gere ee eee EEE Een,
Marginal vein shorter than the stigmal vein.
Head and thorax umbilicately punctate, the former with a deep frontal furrow ; flagellum fili- form, the joints of the funicle long, three or more times longer than thick, briefly pedicellate atapex, with two whorls of long hairs on each joint,................ Isosomodes Ashmead.
9. Metathorax not abruptly and squarely truncate behind, either sloping or rounded ................. 10
Metathorax quadrate, abruptly and squarely truncate behind ; head and thorax umbilicately punctate.
Isosomorpha Ashmead.
10. Thorax smooth and shining, impunctate or at the most very feebly, microscopically shagreened... 13
Thorax more or less distinctly umbilicately punctate, finely punctate, or coarsely shagreened,
OPOULULE Ses ais a rover otha eie.a ea setae nile o ottefahalere ovacaroratcoucraiatatone Yds, Sait odds eco e Oe ec ee en
ll.’ Head and'thorax:finely pun ctates 21. oi cic. ass cso s.c srelniats Wersicle ke etes restos eee ie aieaioe nee Eee Head and thorax more or less umbilicately punctate or coarsely shagreened.
Mesonotum more or less distinetly umbilicately punctate, not finely transversely aciculate ante- riorly ; funicle joints long, more than thrice longer than thick, constricted or briefly pedicellate at apex, with indistinct whorls of long hairs .............0..00scseveeeceeees Isosoma Walker.
Mesonotum not so punctate, the middle lobe smoother, delicately punctate, with usually delicate transverse aciculations anteriorly, ...................2+.e+2+-++++. buoxysoma Ashmead.
12. Metathorax elongate ; abdomen clavate, the petiole slender, punctate, as long as the hind cox, the body a little longer than the thorax ; antennze filiform, slender, pubescent.
Aiolomorphus Walker (type A. rhopaloides Walk.).
13. Funicle joints long, subcontracted near the middle and subpetiolate at apex, each joint with two, some-
what irregular, whorls of long hairs...............0++e+eeee+ee+e+.-.-L80somocharis Ashmead.
Funicle joints long, petiolate or subpetiolate at apex, with long hairs, but not arranged in two whorls
and the joints cylindrical, without a median contraction ; abdomen oblong-oyal, the petiole rugulose,
about twice as long as thick ora little longer, the second segment the longest segment, longer than
the third and fourth united, the latter about equal with those beyond ........Philachyra Haliday.
Tree Il. Kurytomini.
This is the most extensive tribe in the family and the National Museum collec- tion contains many undescribed species. All of the species are genuine parasites and destroy the larvee of several orders, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, ete.
Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the West Virginia State Agriculture College, claims, however, that Bruchophagus (Kurytoma) funebris Howard is phytophagous and states he has proved it by a series of experiments. I think, however, some mistake has been made and I cannot accept Dr. Hopkins’ observation as conclusive. Dr.
Howard described it as having been bred from Cecidomyia lugumicola Lintner, living
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 261
in clover seed. All the other species, however, belonging to this genus, whose para- sitism is known, destroy coleopterous laryee, and I am inclined to think that both Drs. Howard and Hopkins are wrong, and that Bruchophagus funebris is a parasite upon some Bruchus, or the larva of a small rhynchophorous beetle living in the clover seed.
The genera are numerous, but it is believed these may be easily recognized by the use of the following table :
TABLE OF GENERA.
ome LUNN CRS SEs ten eds Pa reat MASE OAD actatiatote A Macc ravciey Peles oe easiest So, slativ we Me tho koa Rat bideowecees (2 VES Sey eh een otra ate te Mig OS ior erare SAT re aay eatets chm cia sldahe sa dats eae ee deb ee elects cea Gul MeN G DEMMGEAN RCH 25 ocr t hime menaiovatat arate idle Sas Near waidleehn oye sige, Falta ME Ea cla dine SBS. deaibelace cee OS
Metallic green or blue, coarsely, umbilicately punctate.
Head in front quadricarinate (a carina along the inner orbits and bounding the frontal furrow) ; eyes surrounded by a ring of coarse punctures ; antennz 11-jointed, sometimes appearing only 9-jointed by the union of the club joints ; funicle 5-jointed, the joints long, the first the longest, about two-thirds the length of the scape ; abdomen conic-ovate, the fifth segment the longest ..... 0... ce ee ee cece ee ee ee eeee +s +-Chryseida Spinola (type C superciliosa Spinola).
Se NicKONcuUNLCIstiNnchyzumMOIiCcately PUNCLALEs: 2. cas co Acco « Cuma Tatne ras eae elaevicate godess of
Mesonotum not umbilicately punctate, smooth or nearly, shagreened, or at least rugulosely punctate.. 12
4. First joint of the funicle elongate, as long or nearly as the scape, or at least never less than two-thirds
Banger ee Ny Ses CEN CERIO fan a. a G1 evs wn wt» rote ah Mite, bie > Gi Beale a dra ator eion ad, Fos See int a olitare edie aterersed DB
First joint of the funicle not especially long, never longer than half the length of the scape, but
Eipnelerraa cle Shceeln Gamba tee kas a atienic Ooi 4.\Sois dee. oan, ein maton asedesaeene 6
5. Head with a deep antennal channel, the front ocellus lying in it at apex ; antennz 11-jointed, filiform, not or only slightly thickened toward apex.
Abdomen rarely much longer than the head and thorax united, strongly compressed, pointed at apex; seen from the side, the dorsum is strongly convexly elevated, the fifth segment the Jomgest. .... 0... .c cece ce ee ce cece ceeeceseee. ephrata Cameron (type B. ruficollis Cam.).
Abdomen very elongate, narrow, lanceolate, compressed, fully twice as long as the head and thorax united, the segments more nearly equal in length. :
Aximogastra Ashmead, gen. nov. (type A. bahie Ashm.).
6. Mesonotum with distinct, complete parapsidal furrows... .........0 cece cece cccecccsccecccccecce. 7
Mesonotum without parapsidal furrows or the furrows are only indicated anteriorly.............., 14
7. Head sometimes with a deep frontal channel or antennal furrow, but the front ocellus is never placed
within it, but always above it near the anterior margin of the vertex. .......... 0.0... c0ee0002. 8
Head with a deep frontal channel or antennal furrow, the front ocellus always placed at the apex of this furrow, never above it.
Scape elongate, more than twice longer than the first joint of the funicle, the funicle joints rather long, the first about twice as long as thick ; abdomen compressed, not longer than the head and thorax united, ending in a conical point; the dorsum, as seen from the side, is highly conyexly elevated ; postmarginal vein variable, sometimes shorter than the marginal, but rarely very much longer; hind tibise with rather short, stiff bristles behind.
Prodecatoma Ashmead, gen. noy. (type P. flavescens Ashm.).
262 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
5, Non-metallic, smooth, delicately shagreened or umbilicate punctate, rarely finely punctate. ..
Marginal vein always distinctly longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein well developed, sometimes very Long. :.< 5.5 .sipcots aye bie se wie ose le i eanielo's torel sle)einte o/s ose soles peetate etsy atatsia\h ate] state Marginal vein short, not, or scarcely, longer than the stigmal vein, usually a little shorter, the post-mar-
ginal vein rarely well developed, rarely as long as the stigmal (in only a single case is it very long) .. 13
‘Hind ‘tibise with 2hapicalispirsys, S0i7.gete vse wlencehs etvieie «stelle eek koma wes roide cee Cee ner ete eae remnees
Hind tibiz with 1 apical spur.
Funicle with the joints oval-moniliform ; eyes broadly oval.
Phylloxeroxenus Ashmead (type Eurytoma phyllexere Ashm.). Postmarginal vein very long, fully twice as long (or even longer) as the stigmal vein.........-.... 11 Postmarginal vein not much longer than the stigmal vein.
Marginal vein scarcely longer than the stigmal ; antenne clavate, the club large, 3-jointed, the joints of the funicle moniliform ; abdomen with the fifth segment, as seen from the side, two or more times longer than wide ; head convex in front, the occiput deeply concave.
Eurytomocharis Ashmead (type E. minuta Ashm.).
Marginal vein very distinctly longer than the stigmal ; antennze filiform or nearly, at most sub- clavate, not greatly thickened towards apex, the joints of the funicle oblong, cylindrical ; abdomen conic-oyate, subcompressed, the fifth segment, as seen from the side, shorter than Wide, 0. ce ec ce cee ceeccecwesctsccsssssocesers s+ shurytoma DMliger (type £. planata Ilig:)-
Hind tibis:normal; notidilated, 3.7 2.2. cecil Aca ee eee to Ae cots se ale ateiaaies es ine eee Hind tibixe compressed, dilated.
Head transverse, wider than the thorax, and thin antero-posteriorly, the eyes more or less rounded, prominent ; antennze inserted far above the middle of the face, the scape very long, reaching far above the ocelli and with a tooth or tubercle at apex beneath, the flagellum filiform with sparse hairs, the funicle joints more than twice longer than thick ; abdomen very strongly compressed, the petiole long and slender. Eudoxinna Walker (type Sesxetra transversa Walk.).
Marginal vein at least one and a half times as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein not longer than the stigmal; abdomen conic-ovate, longer than the thorax, the fifth segment nearly twice as long as the fourth ; antennz 11-jointed, the flagellum subclavate, the joints of the funicle submoniliform..............................eanthosoma Ashmead (type X. nigricornis Ashm.).
Marginal vein not or scarcely longer than the stigmal vein and stout; antennze 11-jointed, the fla- gellum clavate or subclavate ; abdomen globose, or short ovate, shorter than the thorax, the segments subequal... 0.2... 2e ce cece ne ce ce cectecsccecseoecs es ystole Walker (type S. alétpennis Walk),
Abdomen short, subglobose, the fourth segment much the longest, enclosing the following.
Systolodes Ashmead (type S. brevicornis Ashm.).
Abdomen ovate, subcompressed (the tip sometimes produced into a stylus), the fourth and fifth seg- ments short, although a little longer than the others, and subequal........Bruchophagus Ashmead
(type B. borealis Ashm.).
Head with a deep frontal furrow ; abdomen ovate, subcompressed, petiolate, the petiole usually not short, the fifth segment the longest, but not greatly longer than the fourth.
Funicle 5-jointed, the joints moniliform or submoniliform, the first much shorter than the pedicel...............000002e0e2-.-.-Decatomidea Ashmead (type D. aanthochroa Ashm.).
Se aoe
Metallic green or blue, coarsely umbilicately punctate.
Head in front quadricarinate, the carina along the orbits sometimes delicate ; funicle with the
joints excised at apex above, with whorls of long hairs..................Chryseida Spinola.
16.
18.
ike
20.
26.
27.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 263
Mesonotum closely, distinctly, umbilicately punctate... ............cccecceeeccccccccscesecceses LY Mesonotum not unbilicately punctate, either smooth or nearly, or shagreened or finely, regularly seulp-
EAN No ate Pte ie aya Pon entaces oT ciate Chetetrs este cist buses Bele anes ica A Taras en al LOG
. First joint of the flagellum long, as long as the scape or longer... ........ 000.00 cece eee ceeeses. 18
First joint of the flagellum not especially long, always much shorter than the seape.............. 19 Head with a deep antennal furrow, the front ocellus placed within the furrow. » Eno wny to) morn Osexvonly: ess :arscclo Madice alee c okldsacden sees. bepbrata, Cameron: TkKnown tome in 9) sex only... (2 lence. ccisu.ca a once saavioans asiens Aximogastra Ashmead: Mesonotum without or with incomplete furrows... 2.5... .ccc ec cece cece ee ce ceceencscecscsess 28 Mesonotum.with distinct, complete furrows. Head sometimes with a deep antennal furrow, but the front ocellus is never situated in the fur- BOWVI carrer oof etic ovaxaexacate reiersye Paraitatal ede at cralcve ote terete! ai chiete ae alge ceheh slates austere a stale: eloter aaiseeut sealer Head with a deep antennal furrow, the front ocellus always placed in the furrow at its apex. Prodecatoma Ashmead. Marginal vein always distinctly longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein well developed, sometimes very long, always longer than the stigmal,..... 2.2... cc0c cece cece cceccscecvenese OL Marginal vein short, not or scarcely longer than the stigmal vein, usually shorter, the postmarginal vein not well developed, not longer than’ the stigmal... oc nce cs dave ce cue sicssveuusas DT ne oibiss with, 2 apical Spursy sce rWeee aiet aneke) 5 x Srevains Aoaish api cttcy <se erAaN e ci le ete aierialine se oo nee OB Hind tibizse with 1 apical spur 2.026. 6 .6c..5 20sec cats oc oo eecsve ose. bnylloxeroxenus Ashmead: Postmarginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal vein ............. 0... cece cece cccecccces OF Postmarginal vein very long, fully twice as long (or longer) as the stigmal vein. ................. 25 Marginal vein always distinetly longer than the stigmal vein............. . 24
Marginal vein only a little longer than the stigmal.......................Eurytomocharis Ashmead.
. Funicle 5-jointed, the joints at apex excised above and pedicellate with long, whorled hairs; body of
abdomen rather small, suboyate, the petiole usually longer than the hind coxze, the fourth segment,
counting the petiole as the first, the longest... 0.0.0.0... ......020.0e0e0+---..burytoma Illiger,
5. Scape of antenn:e long, with a tooth or tubercle at apex beneath ; joints of funicle long, slightly con-
tracted at the middle, each joint with two whorls of long bristles...............Hudoxinna Walk. Marginal vein slender, at least one and a half times as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein MTMONT Eri hanuvhheistiSnaHl. s.r. .eltteeale whiny aic.cseto cles tiv wleleie aisle(elele wdieexee elow's aN bHosoma, Ashm: Marginal vein rather stout, not longer than the stigmal vein ; funicle 4-jointed, the joints oval, briefly petiolate at apex, with long, sparse hairs ; abdomen small, oval, the petiole about twice as long as tnieky dorsal sepment/2—4: stibequall ja). .fajc.0 wine wisisi ce se © ovis, asin sues eitysjeree eels ce eiere. systole Walk. Funicle 4-jointed, the joints excised at apex above, the basal or thickened portion about twice as long as thick, with long hairs aboye ; abdomen small, globose, the petiole rugulose, the fourth segment the longest. .... See Beech a eee es Phe oo 3 ot hee ggialedés’ Ashmend: Funicle 4-jointed, the joints briefly pedunculate at apex, with sparse, long, irregular hairs ; body of
abdomen oval, the petiole short, stout, the fourth segment the largest ..... Bruchophagus Ashmead.
. Head with a deep antennal furrow. ............ 0.00 ee cece ce eceececeeess..Decatomidea Ashmead.
Tripe IV. Rileyini.
In this tribe the antennze are alike, or very similar, in both sexes and 13-jointed,
with two or three ring-joints ; they are never 12-jointed or less as in the other tribes.
264 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
I consider the species composing this tribe to be genuine Eurytomids, but with a habitus quite their own and difficult to describe intelligently — the head, prono- tum and abdomen being slightly different from those in the Hurytomini. The sculpture, too, except in the genus Neorileya, is different from other Eurytomids. The shape of the abdomen in some of the species recalls to mind the subfamily Ormyrine, in the 'Torymidee, the species of which have similar antennze and show same affinity with this tribe.
Macrorileya is parasitic in the eggs of “tree-crickets ((Hcanthus sp.); a species of Neorileya was bred by Mr. Urich, in Trinidad, W. I., from an egg of an unknown orthopterous insect ; while the species belonging to the genus Rileya are parasitic upon the larvee of various Cecidomyiids.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1 01 0 eae rae ae EPP cero ir aes ee enw ae EE as he a Mee hsaGaecneowa tL
2. Head and thorax smooth or nearly or at the most, very finely punctate, or feebly microscopically SWAAT COTE 6 i Face. sisw 5G aio eda role woke eer vio esadera) drayeenvere Che YoreNece pare ete te ouerlele ai nere Elon ate eee EE ree eee: Head and thorax umbilicately punctate.
Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, the hind margin arcuately emarginate, straight and trun- cate in front ; mesonotum without furrows ; axillee rather small, triangular, widely separated ; antenne 13-jointed, with two ring-joints, the flagellum short, not twice the length of the scape, subfiliform, the funicle 6-jointed, the joints subquadrate, hardly as long as wide; marginal vein scarcely longer than the stigmal, shorter than the postmarginal; abdomen oval, de- pressed, shorter or not longer than the thorax, subconvex above, and briefly petiolate, the fourth segment much the longest, the third very short, the second and fifth about equal, united not longer than the fourth... ...Neorileya Ashmead, g. noy. (type N. flavipes Ashm.).
3. Antenne with three ring-joints.
Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, the hind margin straight, a little more than twice wider than long and about as long as the mesonotum ; parapsidal furrows delicate but complete, or nearly, sometimes obliterated anteriorly ; head transverse, a little wider than the thorax ; fla- gellum subclavate, the funicle 5-jointed, joints 3-5 transverse ; marginal vein fully twice as long as the stigmal and a little longer than the postmarginal ; abdomen subeylindrical, conic- ovate, a little longer than the head and thorax united, almost sessile, the fourth segment very large, occupying most of the surface, the others very short................Rileya Ashmead
(type R. cecidomyiz Ashm.).
Pronotum quadrate, a little narrower than the mesonotum and hardly shorter than wide ; par- apsidal furrows distinct, complete ; head transverse, as wide as the thorax across from tegula to tegula, subconcaye behind, convex in front, with a frontal excavation for the antennal scape ; flagellum subelayate, the funicle 6-jointed, joints 2-6 subquadrate, the last two a little wider than long ; marginal vein very long, more than twice longer than the stigmal vein, the postmarginal vein very long and slender; abdomen very long and narrow, lanceolate, sub- compressed, nearly twice as long as the head and thorax united, joints 5, 6 and 7 long, the sixth the longest of the three, the eighth projecting and pointed.
Macrorileya Ashmead g. noy. (type Rileya wcanthi Ashm.).
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 265
Poe DON coe MLL ve CES TUM] OUFUS) acest dl wiaPe- ate die dare dics oslo ce vin sidid mateMlha owen ie csi vuds fied oweese ho D
Antenne with two ring-joints.
Head and thorax umbilicately punctate, the parapsidal furrows wanting ; pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, the hind margin arcuately emarginate ; flagellum filiform, pubescent, the HOWMES SUG UAALAGE W afas/oie etter aterasiotsysie) sialeielsiaieitieisies esis. 5s os ce oeeeds os aveorlloya, Ashmerd.
5. Head and thorax smooth or nearly, at most very finely punctate or microscopically shagreened, the parapsidal furrows sometimes delicate but distinct.
Pronotum as wide as the mesonotum, more than twice wider than long; abdomen ovate, the fourth segment very long; flagellum filiform, pubescent, the joints of the funicle nearly equal vanlittle wider than: JOURS scl) ca's cos vieisieie « 26 os «dies vwatsia oe steele Ley a, AShmead,
Pronotum quadrate, nearly as long as wide and a little narrower than the mesonotum ; abdomen elongate, cylindrical, as long as the head and thorax united, the segments subequal ; flagellum subeclavate, gradually thickened towards the tip, the last two joints of funicle transverse.
Macrorileya Ashmead. Tree V. Decatomini.
This tribe is very closely allied to the tribe Hwrytomini, but is readily separated from it and the other tribes by the much thickened or stigmated marginal vein, and by the antenne being alike, or very similar, in both sexes. The hind tibiz are always armed with rigid bristles behind. Some of the Hwrytomini, however, also have similarly armed tibiz, so that this character in itself is not sufficient to dis- tinguish the group.
All the species are parasitic upon hymenopterous and dipterous gall-makers. (Cynipide and Cecidomytidex). Only two genera fall into this tribe, distinguished as follows :
TABLE OF GENERA.
2. Wings hyaline, with a dusky submarginal blotch or band ; antennze 9-jointed, with one ring-joint, the club usually not jointed, if with 3 indistinct joints, 11-jointed, pedicel obconical, nearly thrice as long as thick at apex. ................+...:..+...... Decatoma Spinola (type Diplolepis adonidum Rossi).
Wings hyaline, without a dusky submarginal blotch ; pedicel shorter, not or hardly twice as long as thick at apex ........... 0. see ee sees ees s+ +. Budecatoma Ashmead (type E. batatoides Ashmead).
3. Wings hyaline, with a dusky or fuscous submarginal blotch or band................Decatoma Spinola.
Wings hyaline, without a dusky submarginal blotch ; all femora considerably swollen.
Eudecatoma Ashmead.
Famrty LXIV. PERILAMPID. 1846. Eucharidie, Family (partim), Walker, List Chale. Brit. Museum, L., p. 103. 1856. Perilampoide, Family IX., Forster, Hym. Stud., IT., pp. 19, 22 and 46. 1875. Perilampina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 11, 22. 1886. Perilampine, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
266 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
1897. Perilampide, Family LXIV., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 245.
Francis Walker placed this family with the Hucharidx, with which it is unques- tionably closely allied. It is, however, easily separated from the Hucharide by many salient differences, and I agree with Dr. Forster in considering it a distinct family. It has some affinities allying it with the family Miscogasteridz, the affinities existing also in the Hucharide and particularly through Cameron’s genus Orasema.
Chrysolampus Spinola belongs to this family and not with the Pteromalidz, where Dr. Von Dalla Torre has placed it. His changing the well-known subfamily Sphigigasterine into Chrysolampine, is therefore unnecessary and unwarranted. Chrysolampus is identical with Lamprostylus Forster.
The group attacks principally Lepidoptera, but will also attack other insects, as I have bred Perilampus sp. from Chrysopa cocoons.
The genera are not numerous and are characterized in the following table:
TABLE OF GENERA.
1; Abdomen petiolate's 3a ceaie ao: sionmetas orcs sisakeer eee ane sole eer Ose Oy CRE oe COOL
Abdomen sessilé or subsessile’... 55 a. 6 5 cerca a.2'ate ctr avs Speake wee tae nielloene we Meroe seer alate ee mE
2. Scutellum normal, although sometimes very large, not produced into a long spine ....... 3
Scutellum produced into a long spine.........Euperilampus Walker (type Perilampus ipseae Walk. ye
3; ‘Thorax smootihy mouicoarselypunctabey. aye ce ese) slo)/-1-\eler aia) Vebeione a1 ere fered ater aimee tetel ater atel sleverebeteh eterna ern Thorax coarsely punctate.
Antenne 13-jointed. . ahs eiSitegelararel gre (SiS leis ace FOS STS See CF Ree TOOL TET STON Tee CENE cree
Antenne 9-jointed mente Riideuhaadter),. sd de }ofee Saye ote eleleigee ols se NELICODS Ranechbaumer
(type S. fasciata Kriechbaumer).
4. Flagellum very short, compacted into a short club. .....Philomides Haliday (type P. paphius Haliday). Flagellum not very short, at the most subclavate. .. Perilampus Latreille (type Cynips italica Fabricius). Antenne inserted below the middle of the face, 13-jointed ; stigmal and postmarginal veins abbreviated. Chrysomalla Forster (type C. roseri Forster).
fo |
6. \Anteninise Simple. 33! 2h55 saks Sec pehesae wiswele ad ale IA be elem oe Ioeae sti were clade Ge ae cee eee eens Antenne pectinate. <' (Q unknown).........Aperilampus Walker (type Perilampus discolor Walker). 7. Metathorax thickly and deeply punctate ...............Chrysolampus Spinola = Lamprostylus Forster
(type C. splendidula Spinola). Metathorax not so punctured, smooth or with only a few punctures....................Hlatus Walker (type E. thenze Walker). Famity LXV. EUCHARIDZ. 1846. Eucharidee, Family 5 (partim), Walker, List. Chale. British Museum, I., p. 21. 1856. Eucharoide, Familie 8, Forster, Hym. Stud., II., pp. 18, 22 and 42. 1886. Eucharinz, Subfamily, Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198. 1897. Eucharidee, Family LX V., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 285. 1899. Eucharide, Family LX V., Ashmead, loc. cit., p. 246.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 267
1900. Eucharide, Family LXV., Ashmead, Proc. U.S. National Museum, DENTS p. 202.
In this family are found some of the most singular looking and wonderfully shaped Chalcids known, the structure of the thorax, and particularly of the scutel- lum, being most wonderfully and curiously modified and developed; and this de- velopment, in connection with the brilliant metallic green and blue colors of its members, makes the group the most striking and attractive of any in the Superfam- ily. Some of the species are now known to be parasitic upon ants and probably the whole group attacks these insects. In temperate regions the family is poorly represented, but in tropical countries, where ants most abound and flourish in enor- mous colonies, these insects are not rare and seem to have reached a very highly specialized development.
The known genera may be tabulated as follows :
TABLE OF GENERA. Hp RNSTT el] Cea tee Pita een ewes tere CME, NUE Sore, ic MCT 8 Yah Pia lasal clini Maley ofateeonsreque ds snkate tacts tale se ee she
SLANE IBY ferinetahoe ESE MS. 0) i alae on Siat mclOdion OM DEL CM Rn Eon GOOD OACRDO Or on ug cgbOD GC Aan c ones
bo
Antenne 14-pointed or more. Seutellum simple ; antennze 16-18-jointed,....Eucharissa Westwood (type E. speciosa Westw.). Scutellum produced posteriorly into a spine which is longitudinally striate ; antenn 14-jointed. Saccharissa Kirby (type Eucharis contingens Walker). 3. Scutellum simple, neither bidentate nor produced into long processes. ......-...+++00eeeeeeeeeee 4 Scutellum bidentate or produced posteriorly into long processes over the abdomen................ 11 “i. ihnvarnmoni itt |.” ont ascadoccategd Mabe 6d apsaroInd Ob AOI CCdd SoIceDdes Io cGcone oa nop Onnc re i Antenne not moniliform. 2.2... 62.2.1. 2 +e see J Gasese bs cateos someon Sask 6
Abdomen compressed, ascending..................Bucharis Latreille (type Cynips adscendens Fabr.).
Cr
Abdomen neither compressed nor ascending. Hind tarsi with the first joint much thickened ; antennze 11-jointed......... . Tricoryna Kirby (type Eucharis jello Walt.). Hind tarsi with the first joint very lohg, but not thickened...................Metagea Kirby (type Lucharis Zalates Walk.).
6. Joints of antenn not serrate, cylindrical . 2... 2... ec cc oe eee ete ee terete tees es csccccene f JOINts Ol ANLeUN TS Serra he OM SUD ORR TALO sete cn cc lcn\ee) se c,= clei.e <)cis cichaie\ere sre reloneieiaiajeie =4 cielnis Sa miseivioies ee ATtenn cen S| OLMUSO MeCN UM LSIS DOLL Liye petal eerie lclera'ss 7 siete ole cle, ofel oleicie cere olwieiat misters ininiersieymya nis Oo
Antenne 11-jointed, the joints long. Thorax smooth, polished; petiole of abdomen abruptly enlarged at apex. Pseudometagea Ashmead (type Metagea schwarzii Ashm.). Thorax rugose ; petiole of abdomen normal, long and cylindrical. ...... Psilogaster Blanchard (type P. cupreus Blanchard). 8. Thorax not greatly elevated, similar to Chrysolampus in the Perilampidie, punctate and with complete parapsidal furrows; mandibles long, acute at apex, the right mandible with (wo teeth within, the
left with one tooth within. ........................Orasema Cameron (type 0. stramineipes Cam.).
268 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
9.
10.
1p
12.
13.
14.
16.
17.
19.
Antenns 1 L-jointed \...:5 cles oS. + Fc Shee sevens tore tietoie stale te arelaters oleic: So aso total ete ancl es ete a a an eae Antenne 13-jointed.............................- Bhipipallus Kirby (type Eucharis volusus Walk.). Scutellum rounded, not conically elevated posteriorly ; wingshyaline. Pseudochaleura Ashmead g. noy. (type Eucharis gibbosa Provancher). Seutellum subconically elevated posteriorly ; wings with a substigmal cloud or fascia. Chaleura Kirby (type Eucharis deprivata Walk.). Scutellum with the processes very long, usually as long as the abdomen and sometimes very broad, forming a shield over the abdomen, or conically produced................-.--s0ceeseseeeeees 18 Seutellum bidentate, the processes never very long. Metathorax armed with strong lateral projections or teeth.............200cececeeececees 12 Metathorax unarmed, without teeth. : A hump-like elevation above the metapleura.........................stilbula Spinola (type Ichneumon cynipiformis Rossi). No hump-like elevation above the metapleura .................Schizaspidia Westwood (type 8S. furcifera Westw.). Metathoracie processes curving downwards........ Lophyrocera Cameron (type L. stramineipes Cam.). Metathoracic processes consisting of two diverging horizontal teeth................Tetramelia Kirby (type Schizaspidia plagiata Walk.). Seutellum not conically produced. 5)... .().0-0-fsuiecusies eee ee heiee hour cb eee ners ets eee Seutellum conically produced over the abdomen. Head with a deep antennal furrow ; hind femora very broad ; abdomen subsessile, fusiform, depressed... ............-.+.+.-..-Destefania Dalla Torre (type Sternodes Pasateri De Stef.). Scutellar processes long and slender, generally curving inward toward tips...................... 18 Scutellar processes very broad and covering the entire abdomen. Thorax not pubescent, the apex of the scutellar processes simple, or cleft or notched. ...... 15 Thorax pubescent, the apex of the scutellar processes rounded and not sharply cleft, the notch
extending two thirds the entire lengthen «neice a-uloitel> ia )-o = wit ieee ates etc pereesit ete teen ene
. Seutellar processes long, broad and contiguous, but very flat, the extremities rounded, subtruncate, or
furnished “with two rounded Short Spinesis oc esate ste ohatatete te olen tleletet aia) = Sheree teeta iateta tee ete mne Seutellar processes not so shaped. Scutellar processes very broad, triangular .....Thoracantha Latreille (type T. latreillei Guérin). Scutellar processes long, contiguous and acutely pointed at tips, longitudinally striate. Uromelia Kirby (type Thoracantha striata Perty). Mesonotum and scutellum medially impressed ; head almost as wide as the thorax; antenn:e 10-jointed, the third joint as long as the scape, the following much wider than long. ... .Diceelothorax Ashmead (type D. platycerus Ashin.). Mesonotum and scutellum not so impressed, the scutellar processes having the basal portion as wide as the thorax, briefly compressed in the center, then dilated and at the apex furnished with two rounded short spines............0.+.00e+000++0+-..... Letocantha Shipp (type Thoracantha nasua Walk.). Antenne 10-jointed, the first funicle joint the longest, the following short..........Dilocantha Shipp (type Thoracantha flavicornis Walk.).
3. Headjandieyes normal not 'tuberculapes yj: e\-ecirs sereletectesiaeice aie ote ole enero ice ee ee
Head and eyes tuberculate. Antenne 12-jointed...................-Isomeralia Shipp (type Thoracantha coronata Westw.).
Antenne 11-jointed, the third joint not much longer than the fourth,.......................-..- 20
to eS)
24,
25.
bo =~!
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 269
Antenne 10-jointed, the third joint very long, as long as all of the other joints united. Lirata Cameron (type L. luteogaster Cam.).
. Thorax not pubescent, the scutellum always longitudinally striate.................Kapala Cameron
(type Hucharis fuscata Fabr.). Thorax clothed with a fine pubescence, the scutellum smooth, not longitudinally striate, the processes smooth to their apices, where they are transversely serrate.................Lasiokapala Ashmead
(type L. serrata Ashin.).
. Seutellum spined, bidentate or produced into long processes extending over the scutellum........ 22
Starvation gti Nobis CY ee cour pe nce do Coe 6 Genes Corio tots Sto he CE DeOCI OR Seinen ORCI ROTA nC aon +
. Scutellum bidendate or produced into long processes that extend over the abdomen.............. 28
Seutellum produced into a spine-like process. AniienmEe eV Er MOLe MAAN Ws] OUNME OL Sorte ale arc: \ctfeis: c..olaeidis ec ecarnfe' s/s: slaleisibidve eietelcs c's ei ierde eis AO Anhennseul Sj oinded ers mes sete cis cect oe e aroaieelenac we cietecrsiaiee er tisas sere acCharissa kirby.
SeAtenn ty NOUS fo tn temic te arate ct crate leis) seatalonars ys wv dlsve's Sleds tie\acesevele-sfavelaitereveteiete' S sor tatategete as) oe
Anhennssno> loin tediaaa. Hvar taate sacrae ree vans soca eae ues es tive soos a. UCnamasa "Westwood: AUN AUNT LO mV OUI MILAM OSire ofernele renee Stee: sett cicusiaerole's ia/ctera aiolejchose/eistolalet aces stooewisnielat en 20 Muipann rose or WikWbeNaehEs ate mee soleil Jab Se devia bans bases dodea dostenetean se 28 lage lar =) Oinisena mili Oran <ceeaere tarc ke ahs relererctore crsrarocetereracecclateres oiome ci sjantie arate tale enero cieleersiele'are fet LO
Mlagellarjoimtsicviumdricall mot am ONION 1 s.;esciet-tel«tepers areiciollorelclate/s) eave esse ciais sversve nine ote, cievevs"alsieletele 2d
. Abdomen compressed, ascending. ............0. cece cece ce ceeececece sees ce eee Hucharis Latreille.
Abdomen neither compressed nor ascending. First joint of tarsimuch thickened... ...........200c.ceeeceesccseeeee s+. duicoryna Kirby. First joint of tarsi very long, slender. ..........5.0s0c0scscesnsceueess sss Mletagea Kirby.
. Antenne 10-11-jointed.
Petiole of abdomen abruptly enlarged at apex ; thorax smooth. ....-Pseudometagea Ashmead. Petiole of abdomen normal, long, cylindrical ; thorax rugose,,.......-Psilogaster Blanchard. Antenne 13-jointed, rather short ; thorax closely punctate, the parapsidal furrows distinct ; right man- dible with two teeth within, the left with one tooth within....................Orasema Cameron.
. Seutellum spined, bidentate or produced into long processes that extend over the abdomen. ...... 29
Scutellum normal, unarmed. Antenne with 4 branches; wings hyaline........................-Pseudochaleura Ashmead. Antenne with more than four branches ; wings with a substigmal cloud or fascia.
Chaleura Kirby.
-ecutellum not conically produced! into’ a Spine: ... 2.6... 606. cece vec cn ces See GOLF!)
Seutellum conically produced into a spine.............. 00.00 ee ee eee es Destefania Dalla Torre.
. Seutellum with the processes very long, usually as long as the abdomen and sometimes very broad,
PORN eee R Bel ATO NeIAUnOTA DOOM pa wesetrcies ats. [siajsclce scien seg eel acieieiis ceils ecielec eves Gs oes Oo Scutellum bidentate, the teeth never very long. Metathorax armed with strong lateral projections or teeth. ...............2 ee cece seer eee B82 Metathorax unarmed, without teeth. A hump-like elevation above the metapleura.........................Stibula Spinola.
No hump-like elevation above the metapleura,................Schizaspidia Westwood.
. Metathoracie processes curving downwards ; antennze simple................Lophyrocera Cameron.
Metathoracie processes consisting of two horizontal teeth ; antennze with 9 branches.
Tetramelia Kirby.
270 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
32. Scutellar processes long and slender, generally curving inward toward tips..................+.. 36
Scutellar processes broad, contiguous their entire length or at least basally...................... 33
33. Scutellar process long, broad and contiguous, but very flat, the extremities rounded, subtruneate or
furnished) ‘with two rounded, short spines.7.1-so tcieeiciete os «le siete eae niece ee EE Oe Seutellar processes not so shaped.
Scutellar process very broad, deeply, semicireularly emarginate at apex; antennze with 9
PYAMICHES se oes: o.sieie. .0)s,0 eierelestialiele ie bie levloiny sin sleiele’s sle}elestals eels tvielsicle a ae ek MOLACAN onan oatreMles
Scutellar processes long, triangularly pointed and longitudinally striate; antennze with 8
DYANChes.. « c2,2c0ej265 wa: Sg ceeawbe aaerto Ot ae aie nieree Depts ee ee le cee ePIC TOMO Awan ys
345) Thorax. pubescent: 125 po Be seikhcc ue leloyeveyevee ote leas Oke ede re toten eters lek sioe e taee lara Sho tetens ic here dne Parc garetts IIE ete mROED
Thorax not pubescent.
Mesonotum and scutellum medially impressed ; antennze 10-jointed. ,. ,Diccelothorax Ashmead.
Mesonotum and scutellum not impressed, the scutellar processes at base as wide as the thorax,
briefly compressed in the center, then dilated and at apex furnished with two rounded, short
SPINES Shs Meese Fsee choke ncse ce Caio ever aieeece se OE RIE TIGE oer hie eee eee ate ace Loca DHams hips
35. Scutellar processes at apex rounded and not sharply cleft, the notch extending two thirds the entire
12) oY | ee ae le Aaa rr een Ahn GOED oeiO noone como ow a uolueirility (Slouieyay
56. Headtandieyesmormaly moti vu execute speretctatar|etel ster sr=iafovetal create sla cbet=tarelenelenet=tekeiototsaeteatet ciate tetee Terme
Headiand’eyes tuberculate ysis... arcsec «no av otuis cis seinty vee aie eee ee cliche eee LSOIMeTaliaisninp:
37. Antennze 11-jointed, the third joint not much longer than the fourth......................--4-. 88
Antenne 10-jointed, the third joint very long, as long as the other joints united .. .Lirata Cameron.
38. Thorax not pubescent, the scutellum longitudinally striate........................Kapala Cameron.
Thorax clothed with a fine pubescence, the scutellum smooth, not striate, the apices of the scutellar
processes! serrate: (Fale. fae co culslels Seincen Onan eine Heke Soe ee uasiokapalapAshmeads
Famity LXVI. MISCOGASTERIDZ.
1835. Miscogasteridee, Family 4 (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., I, p. 370.
1856. Miscogasteroidie, Familie 14 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., II, pp. 19, 24 and 51.
1875. Pteromalina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 216.
1886. Pteromaline, subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I, p. 198.
1897. Miscogasteridee, Family LXVI., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., pp. 285 and 245,
1900. Miscogasteride, Family LXVI., Ashmead, Proce. U. 8. National Museum, AU, p. 202,
This family very closely resembles the family Pteromalidx, and the two are sep- arated with difficulty, the only reliable character to separate them being the num- ber of apical spurs on the hind tibiee. In this family the hind tibiee have two apical spurs, while in the Pieromalidx there is but one apical spur. It is a good character but not easily seen in the smaller species, and the greatest care and caution must be exercised in examining specimens before they can be placed in their proper fam-
ilies. A very strong lens is required to see the spurs and sometimes it will be found
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES il
necessary to use the compound microscope before the number of spurs, in these minute chalcidids, can be definitely settled. Four distinct subfamilies, distinguished by the characters made use of in the fol-
lowing table, have been recognized :
TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.
—
. Metathorax at apex produced beyond the insertion of the hind coxze ; the abdomen petiolate or sub-
LE HIG ti eae tetas eves arses eearen reel ee Se Pe RSP Serr i hc COAL VTS TS airstaere iat encrn: TD ak fe, PAU te Re ta Wve operenunte wane
Metathoraxs normal: notproduced/ Abia ex... crete x suc eq c.clsgetere ovale) 2.0! 5 nites aia! afeilers ele, oisheieheldtalaversuaie: ove elesereteey
2. Abdomen distinctly petiolate ; if subsessile it is elongate and strongly carinate beneath. ............ 3
Abdomen sessile or subsessile.
Antenne 8-11-jointed, inserted just above the clypeus or close to the mouth border.
Subfamily I. PrreNIN as.
Antenne 12-13-jointed, and most frequently inserted far above the clypeus, very rarely inserted
Just. above thes chy peus. = 5-:-, .ctacssetae.s cle g oe.eslowie aciee eels are m = MEDIAN EL. CRED YMUN AD.
3. Antenne 12-13-jointed; marginal vein always shorter than the subcostal, the costal cell normal ;
second abdominal segment often large but not especially lengthened ; ovipositor not exserted ; meso-
thoracic furrows most frequently complete. ......................Subfamily IIT. MiscoGAsrerinz.
4. Antennze 13-14-jointed, subclavate, inserted below the middle of the face ; front wings with the mar-
ginal vein very long, usually fully as long as the subcostal vein; second abdominal segment much
lengthened ; ovipositor usually exserted ; mesothoracic furrows incomplete ; ¢ antennie often verti-
Cellahe=pWOse cory rater ystes Wales easy «cre cinke rats Meme a stois: Seles crelaisinelece aehac.c ete DU DIAN YY AV: MURA PIN ao
SuBraMILy I. PIRENINZ. 1843. Pireniani, Tribus (partim), Haliday, Trans. Ent. Soe. London, III., p. 295. 1856. Pyrenoidie, Familie (partim), Férster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 18, 22 and 40. 1875. Pirenina, Tribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 12 and 187. 1886. Pireninee, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198. 1899. Pireninz, Subfamily I., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247.
This group is of small extent, although widely distributed. It is separated from the other subfamilies principally by the paucity of joints in the antennee, and most of the species falling in it, whose parasitism is known, attack dipterous laryze.
The genera Calypso and Macroglenes are easily separated by the different shaped heads in the males. Neither Haliday nor Thomson, however, give the characters to separate the females, and since I am only acquainted with Macroglenes, it has been impossible to give characters to separate the females.
TABLE OF GENERA. Uo UP GTIT AS ee Buds ces Bord ma One Oty OIG ORO AGH De AOID ROG GC OD ODINO CS OE HOT ep Isao nc QUO OPC raCr a.
WIRES Braap Gat dar noo his oclis DAWICUd ce SER ROE OO e CENOPhG eo REECE oC DRSICR CS IPE ER RARE VCH OR COU a a ae MEO eta te atari evalteye aie aiare cletstcrsiziclaiete aloied Sieve suethcetsrs are Salers micial so s.eclaweee OF
bo
BEG CSS GAN Pps nis face ia ene nicest eoiede eek scat reshicve ata/ajas ie tinsel Walaeie ola riciergiabiew nc (hicleis aide llse ce ebe dc sme «) O
272 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
3.
10.
ie
Abdomen with the second segment occupying about one half the whole surface or only a little more. Antenne 11-jointed, the scape long, slender, the pedicel at least as long as the club; marginal vein not more than four times the length of the stigmal vein...........Erotolepsia Howard (type E. compacta Howard). Antenne 10-jointed, the scape short and slender, the pedicel shorter than the club; marginal vein long, about six times the length of the stigmal vein.................Herbertia Howard
(type H. lucens Howard). Antenne 10-jointed, with one or two ring-joints.
Maxillary palpi 2-joimted 2). .</jorcc ee sieie aaa. Sate em ears aie hte nee eros leas oe ee em
Maxillary palpi 4-jointed! 2... jccs. oath. cowistdciele © eee t lee ee tereiae item eco eee ee onic eee EEE
OVIPOSItON \EXSELLEM 5: opis, 5's osesecsyaoeetay ss oes ele mie state Sicsieve)e ale eeere ere ays Page uel Blietoners) aIeL ve ate ten ole eerie me
Ovipositor not exserted.
Postmarginal and stigmal veins very short.
Crsiats afersyal eta ecole arson CL ee aie atone .. Calypso Haliday (type C. serratule Haliday).
Do eaide toh Me taeneia oe seats _Macroglanes Westwood (type Ichneumon penetrans Kirby).
Antennze with two ring-joints ;" ie Stet and stigmal veins very short............Pirene Haliday
(type P. varicornis Hal.).
Antenne with one ring-joint ; postmarginal and stigmal veins long..................Herizotes Férster
(type E. monticola Forster).
. Legs abnormal, the tibize strongly inflated or swollen, stouter than the femora, the tarsi short and
slender, the joints very short ; clypeus triangularly produced.......Spathopus Ashmead, gen. nov. (type S. anomalipes Ashm.).
b YES PUDESCONDS 25.6 4 facesde.aneid, axe eines wrousls Poke fete ie QvePuTe oo eawiade eta mac heise ee eae eee Le 1K oe 2 ren seer mnie ae ewe ee wet cane ISAs a ae coe macros onbeo Lu Antenne 11-jointed ; marginal vein not more than four times the length of the stigmal, the latter with
a distinctly: ClUD: 5. sess acre oars bee HE aL et ee eee eee oten ee ere ECE Ee Ce EL OLD LCDS LABEL Onvannae Antenne 10. Seamed marginal vein anode six times the length of the cietialy vein. Herbertia Howard.
Antenne 10-jointed, with one or two ring-joints.
Maxillary palpi dvo-jointed:....2...5 .cihfs ne te ne ale lolx wed oa een ee ante tee eee LS Maxillary: ‘palpi: foursjointed.. 00.524 56-4. che nS sie wlere el nie Stie.o1d oreo eins & CGO Rae Ee
., Hy es normal’ not converging above: ..,.. 2.5 sa0s-f ome eh cee eee een eee en Co DEOnL lidar Eyes abnormal, converging and nearly meeting above on the vertex, ......... Macroglenes Westwood.
. Marginal vein not twice as long as the stigmal vein; flagellum not clavate.......... Pirene Haliday.
Marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal vein, thickened at the base ; flagellum short, clavate, the joints of the funicle moniliform, pilose.....................+2+.+0++2+++.. .berizotes Forster.
Supraminy IJ. Tripymin».
1835. Ormoceride, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., II., p. 167.
1856. Ormoceroide, Familie 15 (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., IL, pp. 19 and 24. 1856. Hormoceroidee, Familie 15 (partim), Forster, opus cit., p. 59.
1875. Tridymine Tribus, (partim) Thomson, Hym. Skand. pp. 12 and 192.
1886. Tridyminie, Subfamily, (partim) Howard, Ent. Amer., I., p. 198.
1899. Tridymine, Subfamily I1., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 273
This subfamily seems to be a natural group of gall-inhabiting species, allied to the Pirenine, but easily separated by the structure of the antennz. ? “ Two tribes may be distinguished :
TABLE OF TRIBES. Mesonotum with complete,-distinct furrows. ..........-.02 2 ceeeee cece seeeeeee eee dribe I, Tridymini.
Mesonotum with incomplete furrows, indicated only anteriorly .................... Tribe Il. Metastenini
Tripe [. Pridymini.
The complete mesonotal furrows distinguish this tribe. Most of the species fall- ing in this tribe are parasitic upon gall-making or gall-inhabiting Diptera, belonging to the family Cecidomyiide. dAfpocerus Mayr, however, is a genus living parasitic- ally upon fig-insects in Brazil, and one or two exotic genera attack other gall- inhabiting insects.
TABLE OF GENERA. WEG eats docs abadted come ba ced TAC Cane Ore U Ree COD EID ING OCR Snr ac EI s Uiicn ner nner b>) 2. Antennz inserted near the mouth or just above the clypeus...... 2... 0... ce cece cece cc crceeeses O Antenne inserted on or near the middle of the face, far above the clypeus.................... 3. Marginal vein normal ....... 35 elennagctcno ott: SENG o cORCOR OR ED Orig 0 Gi ehd OOLOr Ee ee CERIO ICO Ia See Marginal vein abnormal, semicircularly thickened at the base......Stigmatocrepis Ashmead g. nov. (type S. americana Ashm.). 4. Clypeus at apex truncate or with a slight median sinus, never produced................20+200022 9 Clypeus at apex triangularly produced.
Antennze 12-jointed, the flagellum clavate, the joints of the funicle quadrate or transverse ; abdomen ovate or conic ovate................Tridymus Ratzeburg (type T. aphidum Ratz.). 5. Head and thorax not umbilicately punctate, at the most finely punctate, shagreened or rugulose, some- OMNES ASTON E Colse ot 3.Gr Ch Ol Oe aed DO UOC ICONS COCIECI ORI G.Crcxs Oni > CSCC ONO AI TORSO IIR Ee
Head and thorax umbilicately punctate.
Front wings hyaline, sometimes with a smoky discoidal cloud, the marginal vein much longer than the stigmal, the latter with an upward curve, the first marginal vein not longer than the stigmal ; antennze 13-jointed with 2 ring-joints, the pedicel not long.
Decatomothorax Ashmead g. noy. (type D. gallicola Ashm.).
6. Head and thorax finely punctate or shagreened, rarely smooth... ..........ccceecccscccsccseces U Head and thorax finely rugulose ; marginal vein not longer than the stigmal vein, the latter straight, but oblique, not curved, postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal; antennie 13-jointed, with 2 ring-joints, the pedicel large, as long as ora little longer than the ring-joints and the first joint
of the funicle united.................,..Alloderma Ashmead g. noy. (type A. maculipennis Ashm.).
7. Abdomen conically produced, the ovipositor exserted ; antennze 12-jointed, the funicle joints trans- verse ; marginal vein more than twice the length of the stigmal vein .... .Gastrancistrus Westwood. (type G. vagans Westw.).
Abdomen short oval, above depressed, beneath boat-shaped ; antennze 13-jointed, the funicle 6-jointed, the joints short, nearly cup-shaped. .......... 000 sees cece ceecsscvcesseses Oxyglypta Forster.
274 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
iP)
9:
10.
ili
b.
14.
16.
Ie
18.
Bront wings mormal sho Acciacca eee spo havetnlal selarerels dale) eyeue clesee ven ie lnte Toren ets ee et Si ee cies eee ee Front wings with the portion comprising the costal cell dilated and obliquely truncate at the juncture of the submarginal vein with the marginal. Antenne 13-jointed, the flagellum dilated, the joints of funicle transverse, subpedunculate. Epicopterus Westwood (type E. choreiformis Westw.).
Antennse: 13-jointed, with)? oreS ring joints. o 2. ste:cis cicle)o > aiaista(e ofp) aim -ta iatcharoaiseteiet ne tees teeter eae Antenne -1L- or 12-jointed i... o ics shinpale ae Wavs a iere-s:s ote etoye wiaialo wai ole ©-01e) sya se aye oe ne Ne ee Thorax at most sparsely punctate, or almost smooth... 2. 62.2.2 e060. oe oe os) sivions vein wielcle seideyeene LL
Thorax slightly rugulosely punctate ; antennze 12-jointed ; marginal vein about twice as long as the stigmal. (2.06002 cece te ce cece ence cecreccsceeceee Myntasis. Walker (type 8. encyrtoides Walk.): Wings: 22th: marginal) cilises) <-syaerove ies srsssve lorie nts eh ais os evel oleelat ope) stein) wlauiste olay atevaieite sue oy aise Iie uaei nem Wings without marginal cilize. Antenne 12=jointed, with one ring=jolnts5... 5 o4-4 oocen oe seen ee ena eee ee Antenne 11- or 12-jointed, with two ring-joints. Antennie 11-jointed; abdomen as long as the head and thorax united, compressed. Syntomocera Forster (type S. clavicornis Forst.). Antenne 12: jointed ; abdomen elongated, usually compressed and carinate beneath. Asematus Forster (type A. amphibolus Forst.). Abdomen oblong, fully as long as the head and thorax united; head short, subconvex in front ;
mesonotum not short, the furrows deep. Cecidoxenus Ashm. g. noy. (type C. nigrocyaneus Ashm.).
. Antennze 13-jointed, subclavate, the joints of the funicle, except the first, quadrate or nearly ; meta-
thorax short with a median carina, the spiracles small, oval; head with sparse, thimble-like punc-
tures ; abdomen conic-oyate................Semiotellus Westwood (type Semiotus mundus Walk.).
~) Antenne with: to PIN S=jOUN S's 2, 2 a1e, <5) «ees, sye.co-a asta wy aVs ora) a erator tore Sieucvepeonne Sal ais s]erere erence asec ee
Antenne with three ring-joints.
Abdomen depressed, the ovipositor subexserted, never very long, at the most one third the length of the abdomen, usually shorter,.........Aipocerus Mayr (type 4. excavatus Mayr).
Metathorax short, with a median carina; abdomen compressed, above depressed, beneath keeled. Terobia Forster (type 7. dispila Foérst.). Metathorax very short, without a median carina; abdomen subglobose or short oval; flagellum sub- clavate, the pedicel large, the joints of the funicle small, submoniliform, increasing in size towards the club....................+..-.-.-..-raraterobia Ashmead g. nov. (type P. nigriceps Ashm.).
. Antennz inserted near the mouth or just above the clypeus................0000eceecevssceeses 16
Antennze inserted on or near the middle of the face, far above the clypeus...................... 21
Marginal! ‘vein in ormall), i ste usetateevoe roe clone hoe etic coe os stovste sate loloiie Nels fel o corel olterens Pere Chere coy tea te et nee Rem Marginal vein abnormal, semicircularly thickened at the base.............Stigmatocrepis Ashmead. Clypeus at apex truncate or with a slight median sinus, never produced........................ 18
Clypeus at apex triangularly produced. Antennze 12-jointed, the flagellum filiform, pubescent or hairy, the funicle joints quadrate or transverse quadrate, losely joined ................0ee0eeeeeeeeeee- dridymus Ratzeburg. Head and thorax not umbilicately punctate, at the most finely punctate, shagreened or rugulose, SOMEHIMES SM OOUN x, © Mey liclore yavciterelovars aYen, Wats ine ey ettverens iene Miaeyeiaislencreraleraie wlohe ues steroid jehetogey eer eee eee en Head and thorax umbilicately punctate. Antenne 13-jointed with two ring-joints .........................--Decatomothorax Ashmead.
9. Head and thorax finely punctate or shagreened, rarely smooth...................20-+0e2-e-0ee* 20
20.
21.
22
23.
24.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES ZO
Head and thorax finely rugulose ; marginal vein not longer than the stigmal, the latter straight but ob- lique, not curved, postmarginal vein longer than the stigmal ; antennze 13-jointed with two ring- OINE esis ca Cercle coord oe Mere eet seledcein’ sete eee cee caer nae we lloderma Ashmead.
ANTLERS JON... fe cakicncelae as cns oe kareena oe ne boos belies aie vase en eGastrancistrus. Westwood.
Perino OINLed nace eta ae Serene ae ere a nes Na os Sais accla aiae cote os OxXV ely pba: Forster:
SFESSTE NED US OULEN DS NLC ETN CALA Peary ey cesieetater roa PAIN Sette ae aR Aa Tol oiakore) ohne cheteAsve ele. e/aiialGi'e sane retel ediraie wie. vlc lo wrareueie wlovares AD
Front wings abnormal, the portion comprising the costal cell dilated and obliquely truncate at the juncture of the submarginal vein with the marginal ; antennie 13-jointed. ...Epicopterus Westwood.
Antenne 1S-jombed, withivoror Cures iN] ONS yon ct. os) <v sis inierevisisies ele leiciele Seles wleivie etic se.ceine 20
ENG US PIIPE NGS 2 ae Atco, Gh OaR AO AD CON O0 HOSUR OCO BOTOLT ODOC CORUM URC OCR itrermar cs
Mhoraxsat Mosh sparsely, PUNCTALE OPMEALLY SMOOLN: sf. sel ise nic welecise sclee weiss coins llecctenln ceva. Oe
Thorax slightly rugulosely punctate ; antenne 12-jointed.........................Syntasis Walker.
Riri oes barree AMniaan PUN AROCLOR eter Soest eetats sis a svaqaieya esr eteielnre iscial sl sfele tists ie class Yael disle e vle.<2e Ehalbsere Gave BO
Wings without marginal ciliz.
Antennz 12-jointed with one ring-joint. ............................,Cecedoxenus Ashmead. Antenne 11- or 12-jointed with two ring-joints. Antenne 11-jointed, with two ring-joints........................Syntomocera Forster. Antenne 12-jointed; with two rivg-joints...........................Asematus Forster.
Asi fenmneyel 32] Our hed arsenate et see ANC heart icc sete sieke oa eis auaauts ts helene sa joue sONMOveLLUS Westwood. SGN nite yale py a hte (ess. AS Bacon a oon HOOO DOIDD:0e Un DOROO Ulan Uk Ip SOeiOe.acio tr acdg ee eas eee
‘Antennsenwiih).diree cine] OMtsys eee eierccisrice totic ite oem si cecal tie srnete eet ey 4a pocerus: Mayr.
. Metathorax short, with a median carina. .............. cee cece eee ee cove cece es -e berobia Forster.
Tree I. Metasteninc.
The species falling in this tribe are easily separated from those in the tribe
Tridymini by mesonotal characters, the parapsidal furrows being incomplete.
to
TABLE OF GENERA.
a LOESSTHTST ES Rapa ETRE CE coe ad SOR DOSS IC EEDA CCIE ED CI TOIOE EEE IEA D COATS OIE RO CEC GRR Cerca gee
WEES aA Ae car i a ia ol asian BEC oon ap ao Ce Oona rch ccc He aeie cc oc a aCe Sci ere rene Avttennzey 12-7) on ted ee withyeVORIN Po OINtS sees fe ciietere eee ai helaisr even peters Oe Relays vier sielcleies secevelsis sO Amtennsealo jointed a withecinoerine | OUUS aris ast cleat ee cicla aay saes ak Prisca clean iciale ere ietciceiaieine) Flagellum incrassated ; mandibles 3-dentate, the malar space not large ; metanotum short, smooth, with a distinct median carina, the spiracles small; marginal vein longer than the stigmal vein, the post- marginal very long.................+++++.+++++.-.-Metastenus Walker (type M. concinus Walk.). Flagellum at the most subclavate, the club 3-jointed ; mandibles (?) 4-dentate, the malar space large ; axillee widely separated ; metanotum punctate, with a median carina; marginal vein thickened, as long as the stigmal vein, the postmarginal longer........ Disema Forster (type D. pallipes Forster). Tip of antennze normal, not ending in a spine. .... 6... 6 ce ce ec ce ee et ee ee te ee tenes 5 Tip of antennze ending in a spine, as in Rhaphiteles Walk., the flagellum long and slender, the funicle joints all long; left mandible 3-, the right 4-dentate; metathorax not short, without a median carina, the spiracles large, oval; abdomen large, depressed, very much longer than the head and thorax united ....................-....Stylophorella Ashmead, g. nov. (type S. perplexa Ashm.). Pronotum not distinctly separated... 2. 6. 1. we ee ce te ee ee teen erence
eon OPM Tis Cis tC ys SET A Ueked orotate Peer ioe Vee icksi ae <latarava1s ric) aisle’ cerace sais ssus(o.0 «le\erwie: afn/siensiovs)e ainies ©
276 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
6. Funicle filiform, the first joint large. Marginal vein slender, always longer than the stigmal vein ; abdomen ovate.............0. 7 Marginal vein thickened, not longer than the stigmal vein. Body short; clypeus bidentate ; mandibles 3-dentate...............Xenocrepis Forster (type Crxnocrepis arenicola Thoms. ).
Abdomen with a yellow band at base ; metathorax short, with a median carina and lateral folds ; cly-
~I
peus separated, anteriorly arcuate............Dimachus Thomson (type Pteromalus discolor Walk.). Abdomen without a yellow band at base; metathorax not short, without a median carina; clypeus separated, smooth, with a median tooth anteriorly. .Hemitrichus Thomson (type H. rufipes Thoms.).
8. Flagellum with the first joint:short,,...accrccc areittya, oto) sieves ssa to a alay Sats Se oreceiateuat ictal ats pelea ancl e ee ee CaS! Flagellum with the first joint long-\cylindrical; 225) 4.6- seer i arene ieee eee eae
9. Antennze short, clavate in both sexes, inserted a little below the middle of the face; clypeus at apex truncate ; metathorax rather short, without lateral folds, the spiracles rounded....Habritus Thomson
(type Pteromalus brevicornis Ratzeburg).
Antenne filiform, inserted on the middle of the face; clypeus at apex with a median incision ; meta- thorax not long, without a median carina, spiracles large, nearly linear.,.......Dinarmus Thomson
(type D. acutus Thoms. ).
10. Antennie filiform, inserted on the middle of the face, the funicle joints all longer than thick ; clypeus
anteriorly with a median sinus ; metathorax not short, without lateral folds, median carina, or spir-
acular sulci, the spiracles oval.............Arthrolysis Forster (type Pteromalus scabriculus Nees). 1. Antenne 12-jointed, swith two ring-jomte-- e. 26 ssn. nc ees sieeciee cis oie = eve evs naie erenere cconerel elena eteneme Les Antenne 18-jointed,; with) two ringjoints..).¢.<..c.- ce aeriee sees sce sieleieieie silos oi eka clel enteric
12. Marginal vein not thickened, longer than the stigmal vein ; metanotum short, smooth but with a dis-
tinct median carina, the spiracles small.................-.--.-+-+-----...-. -Metastenus Walker.
Marginal yein thickened, not longer than the stigmal vein; metanotum punctate, with a median
CATLIN 55/2 = Sin teiew ciate ines cimiain sieloivie iw, eheveraSiats ees ise eisies seiatee ies ee aia ora ers Gen eee LS OLA MBO nS hee
13: Pronotum not distinetly separated a vest arteie-a ial ete oles ant ear sve tues talavers ve, eehioloreleuelatiale (elepale ete steko teense
FPronotum distinctly S€parated sc -. cycrstersiaie sare cevatenetore leita’ ivi tate © [aves ='sez0y-e1t elo nla, oleutievareiorens actene Cie Meee anLO
14. Marginal vein slender, always longer than the stigmal vein. ...... 2.2.2.2... cseccescceececesees LO Marginal vein thickened, not longer than the stigmal vein.
Clypeus bidentate ; mandibles 3-dentate...................+.22e02++... menocrepis Forster.
15,, Metathorax short, with a median carina....................-++++++-+++------ Dimachus Thomson.
Metathorax not short, without a median carina..................+.+++++.+.-.-Hemitrichus Thomson.
16) Antenne inserted on) themiddle/ofathe face mon oper caciser-e s/s eee eic slewiele sie ie aire mensional
Antenne inserted somewhat below the middle of the face.....................-Habritus Thomson.
17. Metathorax without a median carina, the lateral folds present, the spiracles large, nearly linear. Dinarmus Thomson.
Metathorax without a median carina, the lateral folds absent, the spiracles oval. Arthrolysis Forster.
SupraAmMiny III. MISCOGASTERIN A.
1833. Miscogasteridee, Family IV (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., I., p. 370. 1835. Ormoceridee, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., I., p. 167. 1835. Pteromalide, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., II., p. 286.
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES ATO
1856. Miscogasteroidee, Family XIV (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., I]., pp. 19, 24 and 59.
1875. Pteromalina, Tribus (partim), Thomson, Hym. Skand., [V., pp. 12 and 216.
1885. Pteromalinie, Subfamily (partim), Howard, Ent. Amer., [., p. 198; I1., 1886, p. 33.
1885. Mischogastrides, Subtribus Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., pp. 16 and 219.
1886. Mischogastrides, Tribe, Howard, Ent. Amer., II., p. 33.
This subfamily, although distinct, has affinities which ally tt with the families Perilampide and the Hucharidx, and also with the Pteromalidx, through the sub- family Sphegigasterine. From the last mentioned it is separated by the two-spurred hind tibive, from the others by the cephalic, thoracic and abdominal differences brought out in my tables.
Two tribes may be recognized :
TABLE OF TRIBES.
Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows incomplete, indicated only anteriorly ; clypeus transverse, sub- lunate, the anterior margin narrowly incised medially.....................Tribe I. Halticopterini.
Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows complete; clypeus not transverse.....Tribe II. Miscogasterini.
Tripe I. Halticopterini.
The incomplete mesonotal furrows are sufficient to distinguish the tribe. The group is apparently parasitic upon Diptera belonging to the family Anthomyiide, and some are recorded from Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. ‘These latter records, however, are questionable and, additional evidence is needed before the true para- sitism of these insects is definitely settled.
Many insects are found associated with the wood-boring Coleoptera, gall-making Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, etc., and it is not easy to tell correctly the host from which you breed several parasites.
TABLE OF GENERA.
2. Clypeus transverse, sublunate, the anterior margin narrowly incised medially.
Marginal vein longer than the stigmal, the latter ending in a small knob; mandibles strong, 4-
dentate...........................-Halticoptera Spinola (type Diplolepis flavicornis Spin.).
Marginal vein usually not longer than the stigmal, the latter with a small knob; mandibles not
strong, but 4-dentate, the upper tooth bent, the lower straight...............Dicylus Walker
: (type D. lynastes Walk.).
3. Palpi abnormal; marginal vein longer than the stigmal.......................Halticoptera Spinola. Palpi normal; marginal vein usually shorter than the stigmal or no longer............Dicylus Walker
? = Tityros Walk. ¢.
8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Tree Il. Miscogasterini. This tribe may be recognized by the complete mesonotal furrows; otherwise it is
practically identical with the previous tribe, with similar habits.
bo
or
=I
se Memales piel wacos a eters
TABLE OF GENERA.
tbo
LE): en ier ae ie ere See Meas A LAS A Oe Ree em Eto ee keh oe ek a ee
Pronotum: not: distinetly separated). 2)...:2 2) ata = susie ote sible ot om seia late cle cree eo) ae eT ee oe eae
wo ©
Pronotum distinctly separated. Mesothoracic lobes not convex ; abdomen elongate, subcompressed, the petiole short. Toxeuma Walker (type T. ericw Walk.).
. Mesothoracic lobes flat or at most subconvex, the furrows not deep, delicately impressed posteriorly. 4
Mesothoracie lobes convex; the furrowsldeep.taqarascucer troreseiee eleteinis ee aici ad eee ee eine ea
. Metathorax long, rugose, with a median carina and complete lateral folds; scutellum with a more or
less distinct cross-furrow before apex, the lateral margins convergent toward base. Megorismus Walker (type M. aon Walk.). Metathorax short, almost smooth, with a distinct median carina; scutellum with the lateral margins nearly straight, not or only slightly convergent toward base....................Ormocerus Walker (type O. latus Walk.). Petiole long ;*both mandibles 4-déntates Pyne te oc cive eae te ae isto sac ieee teeieie ee ee ere ERS Petiole short or moderate ; mandibles variable.
heft "mandible, 3-dentate,; the riphti4-dentate, cee <0 ue noise cleleiel istocy-iel os cieis ielein inicio te RIO
~I
Both mandibles alike) either 3="ors4-demtates c.. ais ce) ectesestc cere oe) ay eye) eiepele) o ohea = le)lei ots eis eteierate Petiole rugose or smooth ; front wings with the stigmal vein ending in a small knob.
Lamprotatus Westwood (type L. splendens Westw.).
Petiole punctate, subdepressed ; front wings with the stigmal vein ending in a large knob. Dorsum serico-punctate..............G@itognathus Thomson (type Spheropalpus viridis Forst.). Dorsum squamo-punctate..................Stictomischus Thomson (type S. scaposus Thoms.). Both mandibles 3-dentate ; stigmal knob small; clypeus transverse, separated, the anterior margin GHUNCALE - 0... oc oe cee ee ce te ee ee ee ee eens ss se+s ence eladerma Walker (type S; Letum Walk): Both mandibles 4-dentate ; stigmal knob large........Miscogaster Walker (type M. hortensis Walk.).
8. Stigmal vein ending in a large knob... ........0000c0000ceeee0+-0++++2+.2e. -MLiscogaster Walker. of Pronotum nov distinctly, separated)... «1c cs cayenne nice icisiotetoien cre stalcre) Sere See eee nee Le
10.
1a
Pronotum distinctly separated. Both mandibles 4-dentate ; flagellum hairy, the first joint not longer than wide ; mesothoracic lobes: nob Conver oo). e . jiu.eit eobints ci sele hc otelaee! ie alebotens a fare! 's| 0 ci ere slo eee ners ORC MMA AWW AN Cee Mesothoracic lobes convex, the furrows deepacc sce sacs ta = ee) celeis Saas a He eens oto Mesothoracie lobes flat or at most subeconyex, the furrows not deep, delicately impressed posteriorly. Metathorax long,
cross-furrow before apex, the lateral margins convergent toward base. ...Megorismus Walker.
rugose, with a median carina and complete lateral folds; scutellum with a
Metathorax short, almost smooth, with a distinct median carina; scutellum with the lateral
margins nearly Btralght an couse oovete lnwtea aye oe euhelevee wc ltie de ‘ee om seen wreteine OLMOCELTISHV aliens
Petiole long or short; both mandibles 4-demtatie rc vet nets «ate <tc. ev= e/a ele winiv.oielelcloteseneietel-Uateeis teenie pesto Petiole short ; both mandibles 3-dentate, or the left is 3-dentate, the right 4-dentate.
Left mandible'3-, the:right 4-dentate . 3 ij..sccce.ts ov lo) ecni'o' axel oussepete esseeiotets levateteaeraeieae neem
Both mandibles*8-dentatie. <<... foes a ey de cies sicietste err aie ieee me anes eiertfaicie nis eel eee amELO
ASHMEAD: CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALCID FLIES 279
12. Stigmal vein ending in a small knob; palpi normal........................Lamprotatus Westwood. Stigmal vein ending in a large knob.
TAT MOMS Also obon oo GOGS Da Chaco COCO DAOC DOr CoO UDA OOO Or ..Gitognathus Thomson.
Pal pienoriialaee ee yee aetna ee ee eisero tices tae rior ee SUL LOMMISCHUS; homson:
13. Stigmal vein ending in a small knob; palpi normal...................-.-.+.-.--Seladerma Walker.
14. Stigmal vein ending in a large knob ..............000000eee cece eee eee ees «Miscogaster Walker,
SupramMity ITV. LrEnapin2.
1899. Lelapinse, Subfamily IV., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 247. 1901. Lelapinee, Subfamily IV., Ashmead, Faun. Hawaiiensis, [., p. 311.
This group reaches its greatest development in South America, where the species of Lelaps are numerous, although as yet only a few have been described.
The group is, I think, correctly placed in the family Miscogasteridw. It shows some affinities with the Cleonymidx, and with the Pteromalide, through the subfam- ily Diparine. The two spurred hind tibiee, however, separate it from the latter, while other characters separate it from the Cleonymide.
The metathorax at apex is most frequently contracted into a neck, the usually conically produced abdomen being attached to this neck by a short petiole. The megsonotal furrows are complete; the axille are usually approximate, although separated at base of the scutellum, while the head, especially in the genus Lelaps, resembles somewhat that found among the Cleonymidx, the eyes being large and the occiput flat.
My recently characterized genus Apterolelaps is from North American, and super- ficially resembles Philachyra Haliday, a genus in the Hwrytomide.
TABLE OF GENERA.
PU Tarra we ee ett Ne et Mtr ae koe ph clndih hee ea Ohae wala suite emia Wne Sain ean sSireienys see INIA S eR Tee ene Pen yet Dee renee teehee ad ahh the ON Anences on Sera mehte aici mie estate Mo ieisereetsane O
DepAnitentise sl jointed ewitheo mine Ointare mines ooo matte ere eielele Sidevacietedelsein-leisleforreieis.s/i72).0 8 Antenne L2-Or TS=jOUMbCd ae ac cele we oes Ceci aalee sie ciese ance snlan es siciepinicieclevivia eee sies ee ascee 5 Apterous.
Abdomen conieally pointed, the petiole distinct, a little longer than thick, the second segment occupying hardly half its surface ; flagellum rather stout, subclavate, the joints fluted.
Apterolelaps Ashmead (type A. nigriceps Ashm.).
4. Abdomen conically produced at apex, and usually ending in a prominent ovipositor ; second segment
large, occupying fully half the surface, the third to fifth very short, the sixth and seventh together
conical, longer than half the length of the second. Lelaps Haliday (type Merostenus sodales Walk.).
5. Abdomen conically produced at apex, the second segment not much longer than the third and fourth
united, the fifth longer than the fourth, the seyenth conically produced ; scutellum with a cross-furrow
at its apical third,,...................+..+.++--Neolelaps Ashmead (type N. hawaitiensis Ashm.).
280 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Abdomen subglobose or short oval, the second segment very large, occupying nearly the whole surface, the following very short, more or less retracted within the second ; scutellum with a cross-furrow very near its apex..........................-Mesolelaps Ashmead (type M. cyaneiventris Ashm.).
6. Petiole of abdomen long, the body small, spatulate ; antennze very long, 14-jointed, longer than the whole body, the joints long, cylindrical, clothed with long, sparse hairs............Lelaps Haliday.
Petiole of abdomen very short, the body oblong-oval, truncate at apex; antennz not longer than the thorax, 13-jointed, the flagellum filiform, pubescent, the joints after the first about twice as long as HBICK go, os2 cored via saree Dats Cele state cia sa eae <a pe ea ane cela ee ROLe a DEA SEEM eas
Famity LXVII. CLEONYMID. 1837. Cleonymide, Family (partim), Walker, Ent. Mag., IV., p. 549. 1846. Eupelmide, Family 9 (partim), Walker, List Chalcid. Brit. Museum, L, p. 52. 1856. Cleonymoid, Familie XIV.) (partim), Forster, Hym. Stud., I1., pp. 19, 24 and 46.
1875. Cleonymides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., IV., p. 21 1878. Cleonymides, Subtribus, Thomson, Hym. Skand., V,, p. 3. 1886. Cleonymides, Tribe, Howard, Entom. Amer., II., pp. 33, 34. 1899. Cleonymide, Family LX VI., Ashmead, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV., p. 200.
An historical sketch of this family was given in my paper entitled: “On the
—
‘i
Genera of the Cleonymidze,” published in 1899.
Unquestionably, the family comes nearest to the family HKneyrtide, and forms a connecting link between it and some families previously treated, 7. ¢., the Chaleidide, Yurytomide and the Miscogasteride ; some genera in the subfamily Chalcedectine especially being remarkably like some genuine Chalcidide. Many males, too, are easily mistaken for genuine Hupelmimes and Eneyrtines. Pelecinella has some char- acters similar to the Hurytomide, and the Torymide.
Coleotrechnus, placed in this family, is unknown to me. It is placed here from the description alone, and may be a genuine Eneyrtid, although nothing is said of a salta-
torial middle tibial spur. TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.
tT. Mesonotal furrows not ‘at all indicated; [20 fis ote ne ccca cose «a c.0 iA ms, 6 os A acentcle scleie AEE oe een Mesonotal furrows: more‘or less dishinet.2 25.0 oc. os.nle ore ete: v0.0 6 cw) s lo 0 0 jee onie Sante Ieee eee ee 2; Abdomen lonely petiolated .. <2.)..2<,t 22 <5 cise cle eerste ne eluate Hordes cle iw dc sic efor aeiete em een ene
Abdomen